CPMV attaches to the ICC cellular surface for vaccine co-delivery. (a) Schematic of the interaction between the ID8-Defb29/Vegf-a-Luc cell (or ICC) surface with CPMV-Cy5, CPMV-SM(PEG)4-Cy5, and CPMV-PEG5000-Cy5. CPMV-Cy5 binds to the cell surface, and CPMV-SM(PEG)4-Cy5 conjugates to the cell surface through a maleimide and thiol reaction, whereas CPMV-PEG5000-Cy5 is shielded and does not interact with the cell. (b)–(i) Flow cytometry analysis of non-pronase treated and pronase treated ID8-Defb29/Vegf-a-Luc cells and ICCs incubated with CPMV-Cy5, CPMV-SM(PEG)4-Cy5, or CPMV-PEG5000-Cy5. The cells were incubated at 4 vs. 37 °C. The MFIs of each sample were plotted in the bar graphs. Figures were generated using ChemDraw 20.1.1, BioRender, and Adobe Illustrator 2020.