Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by SGLT2i use
| Characteristics | SGLT2i users, n=20,024 |
SGLT2i non-users, n=154,419 |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 72.0 (6.9) | 75.9 (8.1) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 19,684 (98.3%) | 151,296 (98.0%) |
| Race, n (%) | ||
| White | 16,024 (80.0%) | 123,057 (79.7%) |
| Black or African American | 2,463 (12.3%) | 19,462 (12.6%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 235 (1.2%) | 1,540 (1.0%) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 117 (0.9%) | 1,346 (0.9%) |
| Asian | 169 (0.8%) | 923 (0.6%) |
| Undefined, other, or mixed race | 956 (4.8%) | 8,091 (5.2%) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||
| Hypertension | 19,004 (94.9%) | 143,158 (92.6%) |
| Systolic heart failure | 5,314 (26.5%) | 31,397 (20.3%) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 17,282 (86.3%) | 124,634 (80.7%) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 4,739 (23.7%) | 40,878 (26.5%) |
| Ischemic cerebrovascular disease | 5,164 (25.8%) | 43,860 (28.4%) |
| Medications, n (%) | ||
| Statins | ||
| Any statin | 18,724 (93.5%) | 134,675 (87.2%) |
| High-intensity statin | 13,355 (66.7%) | 78,076 (50.6%) |
| Glucose lowering medications | ||
| Sulfonylurea | 6,265 (31.3%) | 36,406 (23.5%) |
| Insulin | 12,255 (61.2%) | 60,583 (39.2%) |
| Biguanide | 11,824 (59.1%) | 57,170 (37.0%) |
| Thiazolidinedione | 998 (5.0%) | 4,149 (2.7%) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 3,523 (17.6%) | 15,374 (10.0%) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 4,372 (21.8%) | 12,445 (8.0%) |
| Anti-hypertensive agents | ||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 14,906 (74.4%) | 91,047 (59.0%) |
| Beta-blocker | 14,770 (73.8%) | 93,005 (60.2%) |
| Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 32.4 (6.1) | 31.0 (6.1) |
| <18.5 kg/m2, n (%) | 31 (0.2%) | 718 (0.5%) |
| 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, n (%) | 1,659 (8.3%) | 21,975 (14.3%) |
| 25-29.9 kg/m2, n (%) | 5,937 (29.7%) | 51,438 (33.5%) |
| ≥30 kg/m2, n (%) | 12,338 (61.8%) | 79,513 (51.7%) |
| Estimated GFR, mean (SD) | 48.5 (7.6) | 47.2 (8.2) |
| 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 6,375 (31.8%) | 59,634 (38.6%) |
| 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 13,649 (68.2%) | 94,785 (38.6%) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD) | 8.0 (1.4) | 7.3 (1.4) |
| ≤7.0%, n (%) | 4,481 (22.9%) | 76,467 (52.6%) |
| >7.0-8.0%, n (%) | 6,827 (34.9%) | 37,500 (25.8%) |
| >8.0-9.0%, n (%) | 4,665 (23.8%) | 17,487 (12.0%) |
| >9.0%, n (%) | 3,601 (18.4%) | 14,025 (9.6%) |
| Physician primary care provider, n (%) | 15,350 (76.7%) | 116,005 (75.1%) |
| Receipt of care at a teaching facility, n (%) | 7,050 (35.2%) | 50,950 (33.0%) |
| Number of visits in the 12 months prior to the index visit, mean (SD) | ||
| Primary care provider | 10.4 (7.2) | 7.9 (6.4) |
| Cardiology | 1.3(2.8) | 0.8 (2.0) |
| Endocrinology | 0.5 (1.4) | 0.2 (0.9) |
| Nephrology | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.3 (1.0) |
Abbreviation: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DPP4, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor Due to the large sample size, all P values were highly statistically significant with P<0.001, with the exception of sex (P=0.002). Comparisons between groups were made using Chi square tests or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and Student’s t tests for normally distributed or Kruskal-Wallis tests non-normally distributed continuous variables.