Table 2.

Cytokine profiles in patients with severe malaria according to severity.

n (%) or median [IQR]	Total (n = 278)	UM (n = 134)	SM (n = 144)	P value	LSM (n = 76)	VSM (n = 68)	P value
IL-1b detectable	30 (10.8)	14 (10.4)	16 (11.1)	0.858	6 ( 7.9)	10 (14.7)	0.19
IL-1 b, pg/mL	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	0.879	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	0.17
IL-1a detectable	9 (3.2)	6 (4.5)	3 (2.1)	0.321	2 ( 2.6)	1 (1.5)	1.0
IL-1 a, pg/mL	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	0.268	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	1.00 [1.00–1.00]	0.62
IL-2 detectable	82 (29.6)	43 (32.1)	39 (27.3)	0.380	18 (24.0)	21 (30.9)	0.36
IL-2, pg/mL	0.50 [0.50–1.90]	0.50 [0.50–4.18]	0.50 [0.50–0.97]	0.163	0.50 [0.50–0.50]	0.50 [0.50–1.42]	0.43
IL-4 detectable	78 (28.1)	30 (22.4)	48 (33.3)	0.042	19 (25.0)	29 (42.6)	0.02
IL-4, pg/mL	0.10 [0.10–0.31]	0.10 [0.10–0.10]	0.10 [0.10–0.50]	0.038	0.10 [0.10–0.17]	0.10 [0.10–0.70]	0.02
IL-10 detectable	275 (98.9)	133 (99.3)	142 (98.6)	1.0	75 (98.7)	67 (98.5)	1.00
IL-10, pg/mL	159.76 [45.93–570.42]	100.79 [39.16–320.65]	223.63 [52.21–769.52]	0.001	149.48 [34.77–629.11]	375.62 [142.35–1176.2]	< 0.01
TNF a detectable, n (%)	95 (34.2)	50 (37.3)	45 (31.3)	0.286	21 (27.6)	24 (35.3)	0.32
TNF a, pg/mL	2.00 [2.00–6.23]	2.00 [2.00–8.33]	2.00 [2.00–5.22]	0.277	2.00 [2.00–4.26]	2.00 [2.00–5.76]	0.29
IFNg detectable	105 (37.8)	53 (39.6)	52 (36.1)	0.554	25 (32.9)	27 (39.7)	0.40
IFNg, pg/mL	9.50 [9.50–97.80]	9.50 [9.50–171.28]	9.50 [9.50–73.61]	0.179	9.50 [9.50–38.06]	9.50 [9.50–116.66]	0.12
MIF detectable	278 (100)	134 (100)	144 (100)	NA	76 (100)	68 (100)	NA
MIF, pg/mL	1207.3 [567.45–2296.9]	842.10 [533.15–1410.4]	1511.0 [681.28–4330.7]	< 0.01	1357.4 [681.71–2461.2]	2002.2 [681.28–5968.4]	0.14

UM uncomplicated malaria, SM severe malaria, LSM less severe malaria, VSM very severe malaria, IL interleukin, TNF tumor necrosis factor, IFN interferon, MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor, NA not applicable.