Fig. 1.

Study rationale and experimental design. (A) In the Nepali Chitwan National Park, indigenous medicine uses extracts from Clerodendrum viscosum (Bhatti) and Mangifera indica (mango) plant leave extracts to prevent ticks from invading or to remove them from the ear canal. Nepalis construct a funnel with leaves, place it on the ear canal and add a burning coal piece to extract plant leaf juice with repellent activity. (B) Based on this information, we collected at the Nepali Chitwan National Park C. viscosum leaves and flowers together with mango leaves also associated with repellent activity to characterize their effect on ticks under laboratory conditions. Photographs were taken on Chitwan National Park by researchers