Table 6.
Studies reporting on the Mason classification
| Study | Patients/ ankles |
Sex/ age |
PMF type distribution | Treatment allocation | Assesing Classification | Reliability | Predictive outcome values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inter OR |
Intra OR |
|||||||
| Mason (2017) [30] | 121/121 | 49m, 72f, 48 (17–90) yo | Type 1 (41), type 2A (30), type 2B (25), type 3 (25) | Type 1: no fixation; type 2A: ORIF; type 2B: ORIF, medial fragment first; type 3: ORIF | Yes | C.kappa 0.919 | n.r | In type 1 syndesmosis was disrupted in 100% of cases |
| Jayatilaka (2019) [43] | 80/80 | n.r., 48.1 (17–90) yo | Only type 2 (33 type 2A, 47 type 2B) | n.r | Yes | n.r | n.r | Rate of syndesmotic injury greater in type 2A than type 2B, although type 2B had greater extent of bone injury |
| Vosoughi (2019) [67] | 47/47 | 11m, 36f, 46.6 (17–90) yo | Only type 2B | Large pilon intra-articular fragment (29): fixation; small extra-articular avulsion fragment (18): secondary syndesmotic stabilizer | Yes | n.r | n.r | n.r |
| Mason (2019) [68] | 50/50 | 22m, 28f, 46.8 (21–87) yo | Type 1 (17), type 2A (12), type 2B (10), type 3 (11) | Type 1: syndesmotic fixation; type 2A: ORIF; type 2B: ORIF (medial fragment first) type 3: ORIF | Yes | n.r | n.r | Type 3 fractures tend to worse postoperative outcome (OMAS) |
| Philpott (2020) [44] | n.r./86 | n.r | Only type 2 (2A (33), 2B (34)) and type 3 (19) | ORIF (not homogenous fracture paterns → different appraches) | No | n.r | n.r | n.r |
| Lee (2020) [134] | 166/166 | 97m, 69f, 44.8 (18–83) yo | PMF in 92 of 166 Fx; type 1 (34), type 2A (18), type 2B (16), type 3 (24) | n.r | No | n.r | n.r | n.r |
| Yang (2020) [136] | 27/27 | 11m, 16f, 61.5 (53–67) yo | Only type 2B | ORIF (combined posterolateral and posteromedial approach) | No | n.r | n.r | n.r |
| Gandham (2020) [83] | 141/141 | 54m, 87f, 49.2 (17–90) yo | Type 1 (45), type 2A (41), type 2B (35), type 3 (20) | Type 1: syndesmotic fixation or PL approach; type 2A: PL approach, type 2B: combined MPM and PL approach, PM approach for almost all type 3 fx | Yes | n.r | n.r | n.r |
| Xie (2021) [28] | 108/108 | 34m, 74f, 49 (18–89) yo | Type 1 (12), type 2A (71), type 2B (22), type 3 (3) | n.r | Yes | n.r | n.r |
IAIF was found in more than 2/3 cases of single fragment fractures (type 2A) |
| Kleinertz (2022) [32] | 113/113 | 37m, 76f, 56.2 ± 17.8 yo | n.r | n.r | Yes | C.kappa 0.717 | C.kappa 0.957 | n.r |
| Pflüger (2022) [24] | 193/193 | n.r | n.r | n.r | Yes | F.kappa 0.61 | F.kappa 0.65 | n.r |
| Sun (2022) [150] | 32/32 | 11m, 21f, 45.6 ± 6.3 (32–59) | Type 1 (0), type 2A (10), type 2B (0), type 3 (22) | PL approach with distal locking plate | No | n.r | n.r | n.r |