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. 2023 Apr 12;60(8):4169–4183. doi: 10.1007/s12035-023-03337-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

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Fig. 1 — The location of the telomeres and T-/D-loop structure, the G-quadruplex (G₄), and the Shelterin complex. The telomere consists of a double-stranded region of repeated 5′-TTAGGG-3′ DNA sequence of lengths varying from cell to cell and person to person. At the 3′ end, there is a single-stranded G-strand overhang. Telomere repeat binding factors 1 and 2 (TRF1 and TRF2, respectively) are the 2 Shelterin subunits directly bound to the telomere. A section of the telomere is folded backwards to form the T-loop. The G-strand overhang (blue line) passes the double-stranded region of the telomeric DNA to form the D-loop (red line). (Created with BioRender.com)