Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of headspace users by geographical location
| Characteristic | Number of individuals (n = 1490) | Comparison | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | |||||||
| Urban SA (n = 277) | Urban NSW (n = 948) | Regional NSW (n = 129) | Regional QLD (n = 136) | Urban v regional | Urban SA v urban NSW | Regional QLD v regional NSW | |
| Mean age (y), (SD) | 19.1 (2.52) | 20.2 (2.59) | 19.0 (2.69) | 17.6 (2.61) | *** | *** | *** |
| Female at birth (%) | 208 (75.1%) | 671 (70.8%) | 95 (73.6%) | 91 (66.9%) | |||
| English speaking (%) | 267 (96.4%) | 854 (90.1%) | 127 (98.4%) | 133 (97.8%) | *** | ** | |
| Indigenous status (%) | 15 (5.4%) | 28 (3.0%) | 18 (14.0%) | 25 (18.4%) | *** | ||
| Living alone (%) | 9 (3.2%) | 79 (8.3%) | 4 (3.1%) | 6 (4.4%) | |||
| Single (%) | 171 (61.7%) | 602 (63.5%) | 81 (62.8%) | 99 (72.8%) | |||
| Social and occupational functioning | |||||||
| NEET (%) – missing 18 | 53 (19.1%) | 70 (7.4%) | 21 (16.3%) | 21 (15.4%) | ** | *** | |
| Days out of role in last 30 days (SD) - missing 18 | 9.23 (8.61) | 6.77 (7.49) | 8.84 (8.73) | 8.04 (8.39) | *** | ||
| WSAS total mean (SD) – missing 1 | 19.8 (8.38) | 18.5 (8.20) | 19.7 (7.37) | 17.4 (8.71) | * | * | |
| SSSS total mean (SD) | 8.43 (2.90) | 7.27 (2.82) | 8.14 (3.01) | 8.00 (2.94) | ** | ||
| Receiving government benefits (%) | 86 (31.0%) | 201 (21.2%) | 45 (34.9%) | 37 (27.2%) | * | ||
| Independent support level (%) | 85 (30.7%) | 306 (32.3%) | 40 (31.0%) | 33 (24.3%) | |||
| Clinical presentation | |||||||
| Psychological distress (K-10 total mean) | 34.4 (7.40) | 31.5 (7.26) | 33.3 (7.20) | 32.6 (8.37) | *** | ||
| Depression (QIDS total mean) – missing 14 | 15.2 (4.80) | 13.6 (4.82) | 14.8 (4.87) | 14.6 (4.77) | * | *** | |
| Anxiety (OASIS total mean) | 10.0 (4.29) | 9.38 (4.07) | 10.6 (4.28) | 8.99 (4.07) | * | ** | |
| Psychosis (PQ16 total mean) | 6.58 (3.93) | 4.43 (3.55) | 6.29 (4.19) | 6.87 (4.05) | *** | *** | |
| Mania (ASRM total mean) | 3.11 (2.92) | 2.80 (2.86) | 3.01 (2.76) | 3.41 (3.16) | * | ||
| Post-traumatic stress (PTSD5 total mean) | 1.91 (2.05) | 1.34 (1.82) | 1.84 (2.05) | 1.93 (2.03) | ** | *** | |
| Sleep-wake disturbances (%) – missing 7 | 166 (59.9%) | 466 (49.2%) | 69 (53.3%) | 71 (52.2%) | ** | ||
| ‘Probable’ eating disorder (%) | 10 (3.6%) | 40 (4.2%) | 5 (3.9%) | 6 (4.4%) | |||
| Personal history of mental illness (%) | |||||||
| Any family history – missing 16 | 222 (80.1%) | 647 (68.2%) | 93 (72.1%) | 103 (75.7%) | *** | ||
| Sought prior treatment | 193 (69.7%) | 692 (73.0%) | 84 (65.1%) | 79 (58.1%) | *** | ||
| Experienced traumatic event | 156 (56.3%) | 421 (44.4%) | 67 (51.9%) | 76 (55.9%) | *** | ||
| Personal mental health problem – missing 1 | 209 (75.5%) | 645 (68.0%) | 94 (72.9%) | 90 (66.2%) | * | ||
| Treatment utilisation (%) | |||||||
| Previous hospitalisation for mental health/behavioural problem – missing 1 | 29 (10.5%) | 117 (12.3%) | 19 (14.7%) | 16 (11.8%) | |||
| Physical health comorbidities (%) | |||||||
| Any major physical illness | 102 (36.8%) | 296 (31.2%) | 46 (35.7%) | 38 (27.9%) | |||
| Alcohol and/or substance misuse (SD) | |||||||
| AUDIT-C total mean—missing 17 | 3.2 (2.6) | 4.0 (2.6) | 3.3 (2.8) | 2.8 (3.0) | *** | *** | |
| Self-harm and suicidal thoughts and behaviours (SD) | |||||||
| SIDAS total mean | 10.3 (11.3) | 8.94 (11.5) | 11.0 (11.8) | 11.8 (11.9) | *** | * | |
*<.05, **<.01, ***<.001. Abbreviations: y, years; SD, standard deviation; NEET, not in education, employment, or training; WSAS, work and social adjustment scale; SSSS, Schuster’s social support scale; K-10, Kessler-10; QIDS, quick inventory of depressive symptomatology; OASIS, overall anxiety severity and impairment scale; PQ16, prodromal questionnaire; ASRM, Altman self-rating mania scale; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; AUDIT-C, alcohol use disorders identification test.