TABLE 3.

Summary of CTD and its derivatives targeted delivery systems.

Dosage form	Drugs	Excipients	Advantage	References
Nanoparticles	CTD	Folic acid	Targeting, low toxicity	Sheng et al. (2015)
Conjugates	Norcantharidin	Carboxymethyl chitosan	Hepatic-targeting, long retention time in the blood circulation, low cardiac and renal toxicity	Chi et al. (2019)
Solid lipid nanoparticles	CTD	Glyceryl monostearate	Highly orally bioavailable, hepatic-targeting, slow-release in vivo, low toxicity	Dang and Zhu (2013)
Nanoparticles	CTD, cisplatin, artesunate	Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)5000-b-poly (lactide-co-glycolide)7600 (mPEG5000-PLGA7600)	Synergistic effect, targeting, biosecurity, low toxicity	Xie et al. (2021)
Nano-lipid carrier	CTD	Hyaluronic acid (HA)-decorated copolymer (mPEG-NH2), hyaluronic acid	Tumor-targeting, slow-release in vivo, high bioavailability, low toxicity	Sun et al. (2021)
Nano-lipid carrier	CTD	3-succinyl-30-stearyl glycyrrhetinic acid	Hepatic-targeting, biosecurity, high bioavailability	Zhu K. et al. (2020)
Nanoparticles	Norcantharidin	Galactosylated chitosan	Hepatic-targeting, sustained and pH-sensitive release, strong cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells	Wang et al. (2010)
Nanoparticles	Norcantharidin	Soybean phosphatidylcholine	Hepatic-targeting, pH-sensitive, high bioavailability	Qiao-Ling et al. (2012)
Metal-organic framework nanoparticle	CTD	Polypyrrole, macrophage cell membranes, FeCl3·6H2O, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, MIL-100	Photothermal therapy, hepatic-targeting, pH-sensitive	Cheng W. et al. (2021)
Biomimetic nanoparticles	CTD	Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Na2TeO3	Photothermal therapy, homologous targeting, good biocompatibility	Guo et al. (2020)