Table 4.

Presentation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in selected studies and associated risk of exposure to infection, 2008–2020.

Study	Cases	Source	Age (Years)	Presentation		Affected organs/regions	Tuberculous mycobacteria species detected	Transmission link	At-risk human groups
				Postmortem pathology	Clinical observations
Ahmad et al., 2019b	1 cow	Community	2–3	Pronounced emaciation	–	Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pre-mammary lymph nodes	M. bovis	–	Veterinary staff, butchers and meat consumers
	1 bull camel	Community	4–6			Lungs, liver, lymph nodes, diaphragm, and intestines		Spillover
Tijani et al., 2020	1 bull cattle (Sokoto Gudali)	University farm	4	Anorexia, Lethargy, Recumbency	Congested and moist mucous membranes, weak pulse, tachypnoea, and fever (39 °C).	Lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes	M. bovis	–	Farmers, veterinary staff, students, and other workers
Cadmus et al., 2008b	6 cows	–	–	–	–	–	-	–	–
Adeogun et al., 2016	1 female gorilla	Zoological Garden	47	Marked emaciation	Pale ocular and oral mucous membranes	Lungs, liver, spleen, and the serosa.	M. tuberculosis	Human transmission (anthropozoonotic)	Zookeepers and visitors
	1 lioness		15		sunken eyes and pale mucous membranes	Trachea, lungs, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and kidneys	M. tuberculosis M. bovis	Human transmission (anthropozoonotic) and contaminated raw meat
Kalu et al., 2019	1 bull cattle (White Fulani)	–	Adult	–	–	Thoracic and abdominal cavities, and liver	-	–	–
Ibrahim et al., 2016b	1 cow (Heifer)	Dairy farm	2	–	–	Lymph nodes	M. tuberculosis	Anthropozoonotic	Heifers, farm workers and consumers of unpasteurized milk
Ahmad et al., 2017b	2 cows (White Fulani)	Local market	6	Granulomatous lungs and mammary glands	–	Mammary glands and lungs	-	–	Veterinary staff, consumers of meat and unpasteurized milk