Table 1. Examples of Single-Molecule Sensing Methods to Which the Developed Signal Processing Architecture Could be Applied for Achieving Real-Time Continuous Biosensing.

single-molecule sensor	single-molecule probe	physical signal	analysis of signal time traces
fluorescence sensor15	fluorescently labeled detection molecule	light intensity (fluorescence)	hidden Markov modeling to extract the number of binding events and dwell times
plasmonic sensor44	gold nanoparticle	light intensity (scattering)	step finding to extract waiting times between binding events
nanopore sensor45	nanopore	electrical conductivity	extract event frequency and analyze dwell times to identify current signatures
BPM sensor (demonstrated in this paper)	tethered particle	position	change point detection to extract rate of state transitions