Table 1.
Sample Characteristics and Differences Between Patients With Opioid Use Disorder With and Without Lifetime Depression
| Overall (N = 692) % | OUD only (n = 367) % | OUD + DEP (n = 325) % | Unadjusted OR (95% CI)a | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a,b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 48.3 | 39.2 | 58.5 | ||
| Male | 51.7 | 60.8 | 41.5 | 0.46 (0.34, 0.62) *** | 0.48 (0.35, 0.66) *** |
| Agec | |||||
| 18–29 | 35.7 | 36.2 | 35.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 30–39 | 37.1 | 39.0 | 35.1 | 0.93 (0.65, 1.32) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) |
| 40–49 | 15.6 | 14.7 | 16.6 | 1.17 (0.74, 1.83) | 1.10 (0.68, 1.81) |
| 50 or older | 11.6 | 10.1 | 13.2 | 1.36 (0.82, 2.25) | 1.49 (0.86, 2.59) |
| Race | |||||
| Other | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | ||
| White | 99.0 | 98.9 | 99.1 | 1.18 (0.26, 5.32) | 0.31 (0.03, 3.25) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 2.6 | 3.3 | 1.9 | ||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 97.4 | 96.7 | 98.1 | 1.80 (0.67, 4.84) | 0.86 (0.27, 2.76) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Not married | 85.1 | 84.9 | 85.2 | ||
| Married | 14.9 | 15.1 | 14.8 | 0.98 (0.64, 1.49) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.44) |
| Geisinger insurance | |||||
| No | 46.6 | 49.3 | 43.5 | ||
| Yes | 53.4 | 50.7 | 56.5 | 1.26 (0.94, 1.71) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.66) |
| Opioid overdosed | |||||
| Zero | 90.8 | 95.1 | 85.9 | ||
| One or more | 9.2 | 4.9 | 14.1 | 3.20 (1.81, 5.64) *** | 3.81 (2.04, 7.14) *** |
| Other MH disorder dxe | |||||
| Zero | 38.6 | 60.5 | 13.9 | ||
| One or more | 61.4 | 39.5 | 86.1 | 9.53 (6.53, 13.90) *** | 7.05 (4.73, 10.50) *** |
| Other SU disorder dx | |||||
| Zero | 18.4 | 29.7 | 5.5 | ||
| One or more | 81.6 | 70.3 | 94.5 | 7.21 (4.26, 12.19) *** | 4.95 (2.82, 8.68) *** |
| Suicide attempt dx | |||||
| Zero | 95.8 | 98.4 | 92.9 | ||
| One or more | 4.2 | 1.6 | 7.1 | 4.58 (1.84, 11.40) ** | 3.58 (1.37, 9.40) ** |
| Suicide ideation dx | |||||
| Zero | 92.9 | 99.2 | 85.9 | ||
| One or more | 7.1 | 0.8 | 14.1 | 20.01 (6.16, 64.99) *** | 19.79 (5.86, 66.89) *** |
| Suicide attempt or ideation dx | |||||
| Zero | 90.3 | 97.5 | 82.2 | ||
| One or more | 9.7 | 2.5 | 17.8 | 8.64 (4.21, 17.75) *** | 7.92 (3.74, 16.78) *** |
| Chronic pain dx | |||||
| Zero | 38.0 | 52.6 | 21.5 | ||
| One or more | 62.0 | 47.4 | 78.5 | 4.04 (2.89, 5.65) *** | 2.54 (1.75, 3.70) *** |
| HIV or Hep C dx | |||||
| Zero | 81.4 | 84.7 | 77.5 | ||
| One or more | 18.6 | 15.3 | 22.5 | 1.61 (1.09, 2.37) * | 1.31 (0.86, 2.00) |
| Other med dxf | |||||
| Zero | 59.0 | 70.0 | 46.5 | ||
| One or more | 41.0 | 30.0 | 53.5 | 2.69 (1.97, 3.68) *** | 1.94 (1.37, 2.76) *** |
| Dispensed bup rxg | |||||
| Zero | 7.5 | 6.3 | 8.7 | ||
| One or more | 92.5 | 93.7 | 91.3 | 0.71 (0.40, 1.27) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.23) |
| Dispensed anti-dep rxg | |||||
| Zero | 29.0 | 45.4 | 11.2 | ||
| One or more | 71.0 | 54.6 | 88.8 | 6.61 (4.40, 9.91) *** | 6.05 (3.92, 9.33) *** |
p < .001,
p < .01,
p < .05.
Note. OUD = opioid use disorder; OUD+DEP = opioid use disorder and depression; OR = odds ratio; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; MH = mental health; SU = substance use; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; Hep C = hepatitis C; dx = diagnosis; med = medical; bup = buprenorphine; anti-dep = anti-depressant; rx = prescription medication.
Odds of each characteristic, diagnosis, and dispensed medication in the OUD with depression group relative to the odds of each in the OUD without depression group.
Adjusted models include age, sex, race, ethnicity, number of encounters per year, and total length of care between first and last GHS encounter dates.
Age at first opioid use disorder diagnosis.
Includes any opioid poisoning ICD9 or ICD10 code.
Excludes depressive disorders, but includes other mood disorders (53.9% have at least one mood disorder dx).
Includes hypertensive disease, diabetes mellitus, and other disorders of the airway (i.e., COPD and asthma) ICD9 or ICD10 codes.
Only among those with dispensed medication records, n = 670.