Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for childhood ALL and glyphosate concentrations in homes in the California Childhood Leukemia Study, 2001–2007
| Glyphosate Concentration (μg/g) | Cases | Controls | Model 1 (minimally adjusted) OR (95% CI)a |
Model 2 (fully adjusted) OR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles | ||||
| ≤ 0.55 | 44 | 45 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| > 0.55 to 1.03 | 35 | 44 | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) | 0.83 (0.43–1.58) |
| > 1.03 to 1.61 | 28 | 45 | 0.66 (0.35–1.25) | 0.71 (0.36–1.39) |
| > 1.61 to 3.83 | 48 | 45 | 1.08 (0.59–1.95) | 1.11 (0.59–2.09) |
| > 3.83 to 135.7 | 26 | 45 | 0.62 (0.32–1.20) | 0.65 (0.32–1.30) |
| p-value for trend | 0.29 | 0.53 | ||
| Per ln ug/g increase | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | ||
| Quartiles | ||||
| ≤ 0.65 | 50 | 57 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| > 0.65 to 1.26 | 37 | 56 | 0.76 (0.43–1.35) | 0.78 (0.43–1.43) |
| > 1.26 to 2.90 | 57 | 56 | 1.17 (0.68–2.00) | 1.18 (0.66–2.10) |
| > 2.90 to 135.7 | 37 | 56 | 0.77 (0.43–1.36) | 0.78 (0.43–1.44) |
| p-value for trend | 0.46 | 0.47 | ||
| Boys | ||||
| ≤ 0.65 | 28 | 31 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| > 0.65 to 1.26 | 23 | 38 | 0.70 (0.34–1.47) | 0.65 (0.30–1.41) |
| > 1.26 to 2.90 | 36 | 27 | 1.57 (0.76–3.23) | 1.50 (0.70–3.23) |
| > 2.90 to 135.7 | 22 | 36 | 0.72 (0.34–1.52) | 0.73 (0.33–1.60) |
| p-value for trend | 0.44 | 0.52 | ||
| Girls | ||||
| ≤ 0.65 | 22 | 26 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| > 0.65 to 1.26 | 14 | 18 | 0.81 (0.31–2.09) | 1.11 (0.39–3.19) |
| > 1.26 to 2.90 | 21 | 29 | 0.77 (0.34–1.77) | 1.17 (0.44–3.12) |
| > 2.90 to 135.7 | 15 | 20 | 0.84 (0.34–2.12) | 0.87 (0.31–2.45) |
| p-value for trend | 0.84 | 0.48 | ||
| Latinos/Hispanics | ||||
| ≤ 0.65 | 17 | 15 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| > 0.65 to 1.26 | 14 | 16 | 0.73 (0.27–2.00) | 0.79 (0.26–2.42) |
| > 1.26 to 2.90 | 24 | 17 | 1.20 (0.47–3.05) | 1.14 (0.40–3.30) |
| > 2.90 to 135.7 | 17 | 14 | 1.04 (0.38–2.83) | 1.00 (0.32–3.13) |
| p-value for trend | 0.76 | 0.89 | ||
| Non-Hispanic Whites | ||||
| ≤ 0.65 | 16 | 24 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| > 0.65 to 1.26 | 16 | 27 | 0.87 (0.36–2.11) | 0.98 (0.38–2.51) |
| > 1.26 to 2.90 | 22 | 29 | 1.12 (0.48–2.61) | 1.36 (0.54–3.44) |
| > 2.90 to 135.7 | 13 | 34 | 0.56 (0.23–1.38) | 0.58 (0.22–1.51) |
| p-value for trend | 0.16 | 0.14 |
a
Adjusted for age (continuous, years), gender, child’s race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, or non-Hispanic non-White); models stratified by gender and race/ethnicity were not adjusted by that factor, respectively
b
Additionally adjusted for income (6 categories), season of dust sampling (winter, fall, spring, summer), residence type (single family vs other [duplex/townhouse, mobile home]), interview year (2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007)