Table 5.

Classification of surgery complications; Clavien-Dindo IIIa

Level	Description
I	Any deviation from the normal post-operative course not requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention. This includes the need for certain drugs (e.g. antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, and electrolytes), treatment with physiotherapy, and wound infections that are opened at the bedside
II	Complications requiring treatment with drugs other than those allowed for Grade I complications; this includes blood transfusion and total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
III	Complications requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention  Grade IIIa—intervention not under general anesthetic  Grade IIIb—intervention under general anesthetic
IV	Life-threatening complications: this includes CNS complications (e.g. brain haemorrhage, ischaemic stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage) which require intensive care, but excludes transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs)  Grade IVa—single-organ dysfunction (including dialysis)  Grade IVb—multi-organ dysfuncton
V	Death of the patient
d	If a patient continues to suffer from a complication at the time of discharge, the suffix “d” (for disability) is added to the respective grade of complication. This indicates that a full and careful follow-up is required to complete evaluation of the adverse event