Extended Data Table 2.

Multivariable-adjusted associations of the cumulative average dietary patterns (comparing the 90^th to 10^th percentile) with major chronic disease in subgroups

	Agea, year		BMIb, kg/m2		Sexc
	<65	≥65	<25	≥25	Men	Women
Case	24,246	20,729	16,250	28,725	14427	30,548
Person-year	3,719,096	1,133,799	2,785,883	2,067,011	879,987	3,972,907
AHEI-2010	0.71 (0.68, 0.74)	0.83 (0.79, 0.86)	0.85 (0.82, 0.89)	0.76 (0.73, 0.79)	0.84 (0.81, 0.88)	0.72 (0.70, 0.75)
AMED	0.76 (0.73, 0.78)	0.84 (0.81, 0.87)	0.87 (0.83, 0.91)	0.80 (0.77, 0.83)	0.83 (0.79, 0.87)	0.78 (0.75, 0.80)
hPDI	0.75 (0.73, 0.78)	0.86 (0.83, 0.89)	0.87 (0.84, 0.91)	0.79 (0.76, 0.81)	0.86 (0.82, 0.90)	0.77 (0.75, 0.80)
DASH	0.73 (0.71, 0.76)	0.85 (0.81, 0.88)	0.85 (0.81, 0.89)	0.78 (0.75, 0.81)	0.83 (0.79, 0.87)	0.76 (0.74, 0.79)
DRRD	0.66 (0.63, 0.68)	0.78 (0.75, 0.81)	0.80 (0.76, 0.84)	0.69 (0.66, 0.71)	0.82 (0.78, 0.85)	0.66 (0.64, 0.68)
WCRF/AICR	1.03 (0.99, 1.07)	0.97 (0.93, 1.01)	0.96 (0.93, 1.01)	0.99 (0.95, 1.02)	0.95 (0.91, 0.99)	1.03 (1.00, 1.06)
rEDIH	0.51 (0.50, 0.53)	0.71 (0.68, 0.73)	0.78 (0.75, 0.81)	0.63 (0.61, 0.65)	0.74 (0.70, 0.77)	0.53 (0.51, 0.54)
rEDIP	0.55 (0.53, 0.56)	0.72 (0.70, 0.75)	0.76 (0.73, 0.79)	0.64 (0.63, 0.66)	0.77 (0.74, 0.80)	0.55 (0.53, 0.56)
	Smoking Statusd		Alcohole, g/day		nSESf
	Never	Former	Current	≤14	>14	< Median
Case	19,941	18,719	6,315	37,456	7,519	24,693
Person-year	2,689,238	1,671,370	492,287	4,228,443	624,451	2,424,086
AHEI-2010	0.74 (0.71, 0.77)	0.76 (0.73, 0.79)	0.79 (0.73, 0.85)	0.75 (0.73, 0.78)	0.80 (0.75, 0.85)	0.79 (0.77, 0.82)
AMED	0.77 (0.74, 0.80)	0.79 (0.76, 0.82)	0.82 (0.77, 0.89)	0.79 (0.76, 0.81)	0.82 (0.76, 0.87)	0.82 (0.79, 0.85)
hPDI	0.78 (0.75, 0.81)	0.79 (0.75, 0.82)	0.87 (0.81, 0.94)	0.79 (0.77, 0.82)	0.83 (0.78, 0.89)	0.81 (0.78, 0.84)
DASH	0.73 (0.70, 0.76)	0.78 (0.75, 0.82)	0.87 (0.81, 0.94)	0.77 (0.75, 0.80)	0.81 (0.76, 0.87)	0.80 (0.77, 0.83)
DRRD	0.68 (0.65, 0.70)	0.70 (0.67, 0.73)	0.78 (0.72, 0.84)	0.70 (0.68, 0.73)	0.75 (0.70, 0.80)	0.71 (0.69, 0.74)
WCRF/AICR	0.99 (0.95, 1.03)	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)	1.04 (0.96, 1.12)	0.99 (0.96, 1.02)	0.89 (0.82, 0.96)	1.04 (1.00, 1.07)
rEDIH	0.51 (0.50, 0.53)	0.60 (0.57, 0.62)	0.72 (0.67, 0.77)	0.55 (0.53, 0.56)	0.77 (0.73, 0.81)	0.59 (0.57, 0.61)
rEDIP	0.55 (0.53, 0.57)	0.62 (0.60, 0.64)	0.75 (0.71, 0.80)	0.57 (0.55, 0.58)	0.80 (0.76, 0.84)	0.60 (0.58, 0.62)
	nSESg			Race/Ethnicityg
	≥ Median	Non-Hispanic White	Asian	Hispanic	Black	Unknown
Case	20,282	39,433	554	354	686	3,948
Person-year	2,428,808	4,501,212	62,284	47,875	58,149	183,374
AHEI-2010	0.76 (0.73, 0.79)	0.76 (0.74, 0.78)	0.91 (0.65, 1.28)	0.51 (0.34, 0.78)	0.72 (0.53, 0.97)	0.85 (0.78, 0.94)
AMED	0.78 (0.75, 0.81)	0.79 (0.77, 0.81)	0.78 (0.55, 1.10)	0.55 (0.37, 0.82)	0.62 (0.46, 0.86)	0.88 (0.80, 0.96)
hPDI	0.80 (0.77, 0.83)	0.79 (0.77, 0.82)	0.87 (0.63, 1.20)	0.44 (0.30, 0.66)	0.81 (0.61, 1.07)	0.96 (0.88, 1.05)
DASH	0.78 (0.74, 0.81)	0.77 (0.75, 0.80)	0.82 (0.59, 1.14)	0.46 (0.31, 0.69)	0.61 (0.45, 0.82)	0.92 (0.84, 1.00)
DRRD	0.72 (0.69, 0.74)	0.70 (0.68, 0.72)	0.80 (0.56, 1.12)	0.47 (0.32, 0.71)	0.63 (0.47, 0.85)	0.84 (0.76, 0.92)
WCRF/AICR	0.98 (0.94, 1.01)	1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	1.07 (0.78, 1.46)	0.78 (0.53, 1.14)	0.93 (0.70, 1.24)	0.97 (0.89, 1.06)
rEDIH	0.60 (0.58, 0.62)	0.57 (0.55, 0.58)	0.55 (0.39, 0.77)	0.47 (0.32, 0.69)	0.65 (0.49, 0.87)	0.87 (0.80, 0.94)
rEDIP	0.64 (0.62, 0.66)	0.60 (0.58, 0.61)	0.61 (0.44, 0.84)	0.52 (0.37, 0.75)	0.59 (0.44, 0.79)	0.86 (0.79, 0.92)

AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; AMED, Alternate Mediterranean Diet score; BMI, body mass index; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score; DRRD, Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet; hPDI, Healthful plant-based diet index; MV, multivariable; nSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; rEDIH, reversed Empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia; rEDIP, reversed Empirical dietary inflammation pattern; WCRF/AICR, World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) dietary score. Analyses were stratified by age (in month), calendar year, and cohort.

Models were adjusted for family history of diabetes (yes or no), family history of cancer (yes or no), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), physical activity (<3.0, 3.0-8.9, 9.0-17.9, 18.0-26.9, 27.0-41.9, or ≥42 MET-h/week), cigarette smoking status (never, former quitting ≥10 y, former quitting <10 y, current), cigarette smoking pack-years (0, 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, or ≥25 pack-years), multivitamin use (yes or no), regular aspirin use (yes or no), regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use (yes or no), postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, never, former, or current use) for women, and total energy intake (quintiles). For DASH, hPDI, and DRRD, alcohol consumption (<5.0, 5.0-14.9, or ≥15.0 g/d) was additionally adjusted for. We reported unadjusted P values based on two-sided statistical tests.

^aP values for the Wald test of interaction term (Pattern x Age) were <0.0001 for all pattern scores except WCRF/AICR (P = 0.21).

^bP values for the Wald test of interaction term (Pattern x BMI) were <0.0001 for all pattern scores except AMED (P = 0.80), hPDI (P = 0.006), DASH (P = 0.46), and WCRF/AICR (P = 0.54).

^cP values for the Wald test of interaction term (Pattern x Sex) were <0.0001 for all pattern scores except WCRF/AICR (P = 0.30).

^dP values for the Likelihood ratio test of interaction terms (Pattern x Smoking status) were <0.0001 for all pattern scores.

^eP values for the Wald test of interaction term (Pattern x Alcohol) were <0.05 for DRRD (P = 0.007), WCRF/AICR (P = 0.04), rEDIH (P <0.0001), and rEDIP (P <0.0001.

^fP values for the Wald test of interaction term (Pattern x nSES) were <0.05 for AMED (P = 0.0009), DASH (P = 0.02), DRRD (P = 0.04), WCRF/AICR (P = 0.004), and rEDIP (P = 0.02).

^gP values for the Likelihood ratio test of interaction terms (Pattern x Race/Ethnicity) were <0.0001 for all pattern scores except WCRF/AICR (P = 0.03).