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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2023 Mar 13;29(3):719–728. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02235-5

Extended Data Table 3.

Association between cumulative average dietary patterns (comparing the 90th to 10th percentile) and major chronic disease and major components in the pooled data with different latency periods

Latency period No lag 4 years 8 years 12 years 16 years
Outcome Pattern HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
Major Chronic Disease Cases 44,975 42,698 38,080 31,232 22,585
Person-year 4,852,894 4,135,546 3,399,860 2,652,663 1,925,289
AHEI-2010 0.75 (0.73, 0.77) 0.78 (0.76, 0.80) 0.79 (0.77, 0.81) 0.82 (0.80, 0.85) 0.83 (0.80, 0.86)
AMED 0.78 (0.76, 0.80) 0.81 (0.79, 0.83) 0.81 (0.79, 0.84) 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) 0.86 (0.83, 0.89)
hPDI 0.77 (0.75, 0.79) 0.79 (0.77, 0.82) 0.81 (0.79, 0.84) 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) 0.88 (0.85, 0.91)
DASH 0.77 (0.75, 0.79) 0.78 (0.76, 0.80) 0.80 (0.78, 0.82) 0.81 (0.79, 0.84) 0.81 (0.78, 0.84)
DRRD 0.69 (0.67, 0.71) 0.72 (0.70, 0.74) 0.75 (0.72, 0.77) 0.77 (0.74, 0.79) 0.78 (0.75, 0.81)
WCRF/AICR 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) 0.96 (0.92, 0.99)
rEDIH 0.61 (0.59, 0.62) 0.63 (0.62, 0.65) 0.66 (0.64, 0.68) 0.69 (0.67, 0.71) 0.72 (0.69, 0.74)
rEDIP 0.63 (0.61, 0.64) 0.66 (0.64, 0.68) 0.69 (0.67, 0.71) 0.72 (0.70, 0.74) 0.74 (0.72, 0.77)
Major Cardiovascular Disease Cases 12,962 12,844 11,960 10,114 7,694
Person-year 5,148,378 4,402,319 3,616,470 2,805,738 2,012,374
AHEI-2010 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) 0.83 (0.78, 0.87) 0.86 (0.81, 0.92)
AMED 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) 0.80 (0.77, 0.84) 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) 0.85 (0.81, 0.90) 0.92 (0.86, 0.98)
hPDI 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) 0.82 (0.79, 0.86) 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) 0.95 (0.90, 1.01)
DASH 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) 0.84 (0.79, 0.88) 0.88 (0.83, 0.94)
DRRD 0.73 (0.70, 0.77) 0.76 (0.72, 0.80) 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) 0.78 (0.74, 0.83) 0.82 (0.77, 0.87)
WCRF/AICR 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) 0.98 (0.92, 1.04)
rEDIH 0.70 (0.67, 0.73) 0.72 (0.69, 0.75) 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) 0.84 (0.79, 0.89)
rEDIP 0.71 (0.68, 0.74) 0.73 (0.70, 0.76) 0.78 (0.75, 0.82) 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) 0.82 (0.78, 0.87)
Type 2 Diabetes Cases 18,615 16,588 15,056 11,951 8,077
Person-year 4,630,725 3,726,657 3,124,205 2,365,983 1,646,645
AHEI-2010 0.58 (0.55, 0.60) 0.62 (0.60, 0.65) 0.65 (0.62, 0.68) 0.72 (0.68, 0.76) 0.72 (0.68, 0.77)
AMED 0.69 (0.66, 0.72) 0.74 (0.71, 0.77) 0.73 (0.70, 0.77) 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) 0.77 (0.72, 0.81)
hPDI 0.65 (0.62, 0.67) 0.68 (0.65, 0.71) 0.70 (0.67, 0.73) 0.75 (0.72, 0.79) 0.77 (0.73, 0.82)
DASH 0.64 (0.62, 0.67) 0.68 (0.65, 0.71) 0.69 (0.66, 0.72) 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) 0.71 (0.66, 0.75)
DRRD 0.54 (0.51, 0.56) 0.58 (0.56, 0.60) 0.59 (0.57, 0.62) 0.65 (0.62, 0.68) 0.65 (0.61, 0.69)
WCRF/AICR 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) 0.98 (0.92, 1.04)
rEDIH 0.38 (0.37, 0.39) 0.42 (0.40, 0.43) 0.44 (0.42, 0.46) 0.47 (0.45, 0.49) 0.49 (0.47, 0.52)
rEDIP 0.41 (0.40, 0.43) 0.45 (0.43, 0.47) 0.48 (0.46, 0.50) 0.51 (0.49, 0.53) 0.53 (0.51, 0.56)
Total Cancer Cases 17,909 16,595 14,176 11,127 7,682
Person-year 5,138,951 4,397,783 3,616,916 2,808,237 2,015,999
AHEI-2010 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03)
AMED 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) 0.96 (0.90, 1.02)
hPDI 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) 0.96 (0.90, 1.02)
DASH 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) 0.92 (0.89, 0.97) 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) 0.92 (0.86, 0.98)
DRRD 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) 0.93 (0.88, 0.97) 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) 0.95 (0.89, 1.01)
WCRF/AICR 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) 0.96 (0.90, 1.02)
rEDIH 0.91 (0.87, 0.94) 0.91 (0.87, 0.94) 0.91 (0.88, 0.95) 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) 0.97 (0.91, 1.03)
rEDIP 0.89 (0.86, 0.92) 0.90 (0.87, 0.94) 0.91 (0.88, 0.95) 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) 0.98 (0.93, 1.04)

AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; AMED, Alternate Mediterranean Diet score; CI, Confidence interval; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score; DRRD, Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet; hPDI, Healthful plant-based diet index; HR, Hazard ratio; MV, multivariable; rEDIH, reversed Empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia; rEDIP, reversed Empirical dietary inflammation pattern; WCRF/AICR, World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) dietary score.

Analyses were stratified by age (in month), calendar year, and cohort. MV model: adjusted for physical activity (<3.0, 3.0-8.9, 9.0-17.9, 18.0-26.9, 27.0-41.9, or ≥42 MET-h/week), cigarette smoking status (never, former quitting ≥10 y, former quitting <10 y, current), cigarette smoking pack-years (0, 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, or ≥25 pack-years), multivitamin use (yes or no), regular aspirin use (yes or no), regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use (yes or no), postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, never, former, or current use) for women, and total energy intake (quintiles). For DASH, hPDI, and DRRD, alcohol consumption (<5.0, 5.0-14.9, or ≥15.0 g/d) was additionally adjusted for. For major chronic disease, the model was additionally adjusted for family history of diabetes (yes or no), family history of cancer (yes or no), and family history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no). For type 2 diabetes, the model was additionally adjusted for family history of diabetes (yes or no). For major cardiovascular disease, the model was additionally adjusted for family history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no). For total cancer, the model was additionally adjusted for family history of cancer (yes or no) and height (continuous).