Table 2.

Descriptive summary of item selection.

Author (Year)	Study Design	Number of Patients	Average Age (Years)	Materials and Methods	Pathology	Outcomes
Wasti et al., 2021 [74]	RCT	48 healthy patients (24 test group; 24 control group)	Unspecified	SRP and oral hygiene instructions. The test group was given a prescription for CLIK®, which contained GT extract (300 mg) and natural lycopene. Post-operative clinical parameter determination and uric acid estimation were performed 45 days later. Saliva was collected at baseline and the 45th day.	Gingivitis	Modified plaque index (PI) ↑,sulcular bleeding index ↑, and salivary uric acid levels ↑ in the test group. The test group’s gingival health improved more than the control group’s (improved antioxidant profile).
El-Sharkawy et al., 2019 [75]	RCT	74 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and primary insomnia (test group: 21 M, 17 F; control group: 20 M, 17 F)	Mean age: 45.6 in test group; 46.7 in control group	Patients in the test group received SRP and took 10 mg oral melatonin capsules once daily before bedtime for 2 months. The patients in the control group received SRP and took a placebo. The authors measured clinical attachment level (CAL) gain after 3 and 6 months of therapy.	Periodontitis	At 3 and 6 months, the melatonin group had ↓ probing depth (PD) and CAL compared to those of the placebo group. After 3 and 6 months, the melatonin group showed better PD↓ and CAL↑. No statistically significant differences in plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding upon probing (BOP%) between the two groups were found.
Melnychuk et al., 2022 [76]	Observational study	161 patients; 125 had periodontitis; 36 had intact periodontium	19–45	Exogenous and endogenous use of biologically active supplement based on blue-green microalgae Spirulina platensis, a paste made of spirulina powder and silica enterosorbent mixed with 0.05% solution of chlorhexidine bigluconate to a gel-like consistency, and Spirulina tablets were taken twice daily for four weeks.	Periodontitis	All patients had raised levels of malonic dialdehyde, diene conjugates, catalase activity, transferrin iron saturation, and ceruloplasmin activity, which were all reliably and long-lastingly regulated by the treatment. All indicators deviated marginally from the norm during the year, and periodontitis was stabilised.
Shasmitha et al., 2019 [77]	Clincial trial	42 orthodontic patients with generalised chronic gingivitis	14–30	Patients were assessed for gingivitis using GI, PD, blood on probing, and OHI. A modified Brass brushing technique using total care herbal toothpaste was demonstrated at the second session and the patients’ gingival condition was once more evaluated.	Gingivitis	The pre-treatment and post-treatment GI and OHI index scores were calculated with a 3-week time difference. Both scores were marginally higher than the respective pre-treatment GI and pre-OHI index scores, but neither was statistically significant.
Sukmawati AN et al., 2021 [78]	Comparative Study	6 patients	Unspecified	Group A received 10% propolis after curettage, while Group B received 1% tetracycline. PPD, BOP, and IL-1 concentration were measured at baseline on day 0, before curettage, and 21 days following curettage.	Periodontal disease	In patients with CP, 10% propolis as a subgingival irrigation agent improved the clinical parameters of periodontal tissue and concentration of IL-1 more effectively than 1% tetracycline did.
Hong JY et al., 2019 [79]	RCT	112 patients	19–80	Patients randomly received combinations of vitamin C and E, lysozyme, and carbazochrome (CELC) or the placebo for the first four weeks. Then, it the mean change in the GI was measured, followed by that in the PI, PD, and CAL at 4 and 8 weeks.	Periodontal disease	After 4 weeks and 8 weeks, the GI in the test group considerably ↓. When compared to a placebo, CELC significantly reduced gingival inflammation.
Li W et al., 2022 [80]	cross-sectional study	8959 patients	Mean age: 52.4	The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2009–2014) database was used to identify participants who underwent a periodontal examination and reported their micronutrient intake levels.	Periodontal disease	With adequate intake of the micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin E), the risk of periodontitis was decreased. A high consumption of vitamin B1 (1.8 mg/day for men and 1.3 mg/day for women), vitamin C (90 mg/day for men), and copper (1.1 mg/day combined) all raised the incidence of periodontitis.
Li X. et al., 2018 [81]	RCT	128 patients	Mean age: 44.9	Group A received dental implants supported by the guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique; group B received dental implants with Bio-Oss Collagen; group C received dental implants, containing patients with CP; and group D received dental implants without any bone grafting or periodontal disease. Each group was split into a control subgroup and an experimental subgroup that received vitamin C.	Periodontal disease	Supplementing with vitamin C helps patients with CP and those receiving GBR or Bio-Oss Collagen grafts heal more quickly after receiving dental implants.
Das M. et al., 2021 [82]	RCT	72 patients	Mean age: 39.2 ± 8.6	Randomly, two groups of patients with periodontal pockets were formed; the test group received an intra-pocket administration of grape seed extract (GSE) along with SRP, and the control group received SRP alone. At baseline and three months, clinical measurements including the PI, GI, PPD, and relative attachment level (RAL) were taken.	Periodontal disease	At the end of 3 months, the test group showed PD↓ and RAL↓; there was no discernible difference between PI and GI. It might be advantageous to control periodontal pockets via the intra-pocket application of GSE and SRP.
Mehta et al., (2022) [83]	Prospective study	120 (60 cases: 36 M 24 F-60 controls:31 M 29 F)	18–40	CUM gel was applied 3 times a day for 2 months; cytomorphometric analysis using CHROMagar was performed	Candidiasis in tobacco users	CUM reduces both the number of micronuclei and also Candida colonies.
Cespedes et al., (2021) [84]	Double-blinded RCT	40 (20 cases-20 controls)	Unspecified	Comparison between Carica papaya and chlorhexidine mouthwash	Caries	Carica papaya has anti S. mutans action which is comparable to that of chlorhexidine
Kia et al., (2020) [85]	Double-blinded RCT	57 (29 case-28 controls)	51,86 (CUM-cases) 53.67 (prednisolone-controls)	Comparison between administration of 80 mg CUM in the Nano-Micellar Soft gel capsule and 10 mg Prednisolone in capsules	Oral lichen planus (OLP)	CUM may represent an alternative therapy in patients in which corticosteroids are contraindicated; it is effective in preventing the recurrence of OLP lesions.
Neetha (2020) [86]	Double-blinded Randomised preliminary study	60 (20 GT; 20 CUM; 20 combination)	45.5 (16–82)	Topical + systemic administration for 3 months of GT extract (800 mg/day), CUM (950 mg/day) or both combined. Evaluation of biomarkers Ki67, cyclin D1 and p53 at time 0 and at 12 weeks was performed	Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs)	The combination of CUM and GT extract has synergistic action, causing clinical benefits and the downregulation of molecular biomarkers after 12 weeks.
Farzaneh Agha-Hosseini et al,. 2021 [87]	RCT	60 patients	least 18 years old (no maximum age limit)	Combined mouthwash was prepared with 0.1% triamcinolone, 0.2% vitamin E and 0.2% hyaluronic acid	Oral mucositis caused by radiotherapy	The reduction in inflammation and pain was significantly higher in the intervention group.
José Gonzalez-Serrano et al., 2021 [88]	double-blind RCT	46 patients	around 60 years old	Gel containing propolis extract, nanovitamin C and nanovitamin E	Oeri-implant mucositis (PM)	Full PM resolution was observed in the intervention group.
Maede Salehi et al., 2018 [89]	double-blind clinical trial	50 patients	26–70	2 tablets of 50 mg propolis daily	Oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy	The intervention group achieved a significant difference in the healing of oral mucositis.
Ashwini Nerkar Rajbhoj et al., 2021 [90]	RCT	60 patients	15–55	CUM gel and aloe vera gel with oral physiotherapy	Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)	Both types of gel improved the symptoms but aloe vera gel achieved a statistically significant result in remedying burning.
Maometto Tahir et al., 2021 [91]	Prospective comparative study	28 patients	Mean age: 26.14 ± 5.33	Comparison between alpha lipoic acid with aloe vera gel and hydrocortisone	OSF	Comparison between the alpha lipoic acid with aloe vera gel group versus the hydrocortisone group showed almost similar results.