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. 2023 Jun 16;12(6):1289. doi: 10.3390/antiox12061289

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Iron accumulation is important in the pathogenesis of PD. Dysregulation of CP, IRP2, Nrf2 and FtMt alters brain iron levels, which, in turn, affects the expression of iron metabolism proteins. Iron overload and increased ROS aggravate the development and progression of PD, and their interactions with α-synuclein, dopamine, neuromelanin, Parkin and LRRK2 contribute to dopaminergic neuronal cell death and the onset of PD.