Figure 4.

Anti-inflammatory effects of bamboo extracts in M1 macrophages. Evaluation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1/C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2) mRNA expression, by Real Time PCR assay, in macrophages untreated (−) or treated for 1 h with bamboo sheaths (BS) (A,C) and bamboo leaves (BL) (B,D) at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL and then stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10 ng/mL for 24 h. Data represent the means ± SEM of three different experiments each performed in duplicate. ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.