Table 1.
Demographics and epidemiological characteristics of the reported studies.
| Reference Author/Country/ Journal |
No of Subjects/Specimens | Type of Study | Bacterial Strains | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G. Ngoula, 2023, French Guiana. Antibiotics [39] | 311 patients | Observational study |
K. pneumonieae
E. Coli E. cloacae K. aerogenes |
22.8% of ICU patients had ESBL-PE. Risk of ESBL-PE carriage among patients with severe COVID-19 was higher when they were exposed to cefotaxime. |
| O. Lemenand, 2021, France. J Infection [40] | 793,954 E. coli isolates from 1022 clinical laboratories | Retrospective multicenter study | E.coli | In general practice, Eco-ESBL decreased lightly during the pandemic (3.1% before vs. 2.9% during the pandemic). In nursing homes, the Eco-ESBL rate decreased from 9.3% to 8.3%. |
| E. Bentivegna, 2021, Italy, Int J Environ Res Public Health. [41]. | 1617 patients | Case-control study |
S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, C. difficile, and A. baumannii. |
Significant higher incidence of MDRB infections in COVID-19 departments than in other medical departments (29% vs. 19%); Kp-ESBL was the pathogen with the highest increase. |
| E. Wardoyo, 2021, Indonesia. Iran J Microbiol [42]. | 210 E. coli isolates | Retrospective single center study | E. coli | Among E. coli specimens isolated before the pandemic, 50% were Eco-ESBL and 21% of those collected during the pandemic were Eco-ESBL. |
| A. Mena, 2022, the Dominican Republic. Antimicrob Steward Health Epidemiol [43]. | 27,718 urine cultures and 2111 body fluid cultures | Retrospective study |
E. coli
P. aeruginosa |
The frequency of Eco-ESBL was 25.63% before and 24.75% after the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| P. Santoso, 2022, Indonesia. Int J Gen Med [44]. | 182 patients | Observational study in two hospitals |
A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae |
45.9% of COVID-19 isolates were MDRB, including CR- A. baumannii (84%) and Kp-ESBL (61%). |
| M. Karataş, 2021, Turkey. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob [45]. | Total N = 4859 isolates. Pre-pandemic: 3034 isolates. Pandemic non-COVID: 1702 isolates. COVID-19 patients: 123 isolates. |
Retrospective single-center study |
E. coli
K. pneumonieae A. baumannii S. aureus |
ESBL-PE infections were less common in isolates from COVID-19 patients (8.94%) compared to pre-pandemic samples (20.7%) and samples from non-COVID-19 patients collected during the pandemic (20.7%). Among COVID-19 patients, E. coli was rarely detected, but A. baumannii was more commonly found than in controls. |
| M.R. Hasan, 2023, Canada, Microbiol Spectrum [48]. | 8,652,381 urine cultures | Retrospective, observational study |
Eco-ESBL
Kp-ESBL |
The rate of ESBL isolation was higher during the pandemic than before it. However, decreasing trends in both Eco-ESBL and Kp-ESBL in the community setting were observed during the pandemic. |
Abbreviations: A. baumanii: Acinetobacter baumanii; CR: carbapenem resistant; ESBL: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; ESBL-PE: ESBL-producing Enterobacterales; E. cloacae: Enterobacter cloacae; K. pneumoniae: Klebsiella pneumoniae; K. aerogenes: Klebsiella aerogenes; Kp-ESBL: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniae; P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Eco: Escherichia coli; Eco-ESBL: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli; C. Difficile: Clostridioides difficile; MDRB: multidrug-resistant bacteria; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus.