Figure 2.

Development of biofilm on abiotic surfaces triggering human infections. Medical devices, such as catheters, are ideal abiotic surfaces for biofilm formation. The process begins with individual cells attaching to the device surface, followed by the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) and the aggregation of biofilm cells (microcolony formation). Subsequently, the full maturation of the biofilm structure occurs via an increased production of EPSs and a rise in biofilm population density. Eventually, biofilm dispersal takes place, causing recurring infections by restarting the biofilm development process. The figure was created using biorender.com, accessed on 28 May 2023.