Table 1.

Summary of selected antibiofilm agents which combat persistent biofilm infections.

Antibiofilm Agent	Target Pathogen	Antibiofilm Mode of Action	Study Model	Reference
Exopolysaccharide-targeting agents
Quinoxaline derivative	Streptococcus mutans	Glucosyltransferase inhibitor	Anticaries rat	[41]
Oxazole derivative	S. mutans	Antagonizing glucosyltransferases	Dental caries rat	[46]
Dispersin B	Staphylococcus spp.	Inhibited skin colonization, detachment of Staphylococcal cells from skin	In vivo pig model	[47]
Endolysins	S. aureus	Peptidoglycan hydrolases	System MRSA infection in mice	[48]
Dornase alfa	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Dissolving cystic fibrosis sputum and fibrillar structures	Cystic fibrosis sputum	[49]
DNABII antibodies	Haemophilus influenzae	Targeting epitopes of DNABII found in extracellular DNA	Chinchilla and murine	[50]
α-amylase	S. aureus and P. aeruginosa	Exopolysaccharide disruption	Danio rerio	[51]
Biofilm dispersion-targeting agents
Nitric oxide	P. aeruginosa	Biofilm dispersion Reduced biofilm tolerance to antibiotics	Cystic fibrosis sputum	[52]
Cephalosporin-3′-diazeniumdiolates	P. aeruginosa	Biofilm dispersion; increases biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics	Microtiter plates	[53]
Nitroxides	P. aeruginosa	Promotes biofilm dispersal, inhibits biofilm formation, increases swarming motility	Flow chambers	[54]
Autoinducing peptide inhibitor	S. aureus	Quorum sensing inhibitor	RN9222 cell line	[55]
Natural peptide Capsicumicine	S. epidermidis	Disassembly of biofilm matrix	SKH1 mice	[56]
Biofilm persister-targeting agents
TM5 peptide	P. aeruginosa and S. aureus	Antipersister agent	Laboratory settings	[57]
Rifampin + Fosfomycin	S. aureus (Methicillin-resistant)	Cure of cage-associated infections	A foreign body infection model using guinea pigs	[58]
Acyldepsipeptide ADEP4	S. aureus	Activation of ClpP protease which kills growing and persister cells	Mouse model of a chronic infection	[59]
Glycosylated cationic peptides	S. aureus (Methicillin-resistant)	Bactericidal against persister cells and disperses biofilm mass	Ex vivo wounded human skin infection	[60]