Table 2.

Efficacy of selected antibiofilm nanostructures designed combat persistent biofilm infections.

Antibiofilm Agent	Target Pathogen	Antibiofilm Mode of Action	Study Model	Reference
Farnesol-loaded nanoparticles	Streptococcus mutans	Attenuated biofilm virulence	Dental caries disease model	[80]
Ciprofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Prevented biofilm formation and reduced established biofilm mass	Macrophages	[81]
Proteinase K and Rose-Bengal-loaded nanocomplex	Staphylococcus aureus	Biofilm eradication	Cutaneous wound infection in mouse model	[82]
Nanostructured silver antibacterial surfaces	S. aureus and P. aeruginosa	Antibacterial and antifouling activity	Polydimethylsiloxane films	[83]
AMP * nanostructures with silver nanoparticles	S. aureus (Methicillin- resistant)	In vivo antimicrobial activity	Subcutaneous infection model in rats	[84]
Microneedle patches with chloramphenicol-loaded nanoparticles	Vibrio vulnificus	Biofilm disruption and antibiotic penetration	In vitro biofilm model	[85]
BNN6 †-loaded polydopamine nanoparticles	S. aureus (Methicillin-resistant)	Decrease in biofilm cells and wound healing	In vivo wound in mouse model	[86]

^† BNN6: N,N’-di-sec-butyl-N,N’-dinitroso-p-phenylenediamine; * AMP: Antimicrobial peptide.