Table 5.
Structural Models, Structural Invariance, and Hypotheses testing.
| Structural Models | Structural Invariance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Germany | Spain | Unconstrained Model | Constrained Model | ||
| GOFs | GOFs | |||||
| χ2 | 774.285 | 962.210 | 666.377 | 2402.846 | 2411.340 | |
| sig. | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
| df | 314 | 314 | 314 | 942 | 944 | |
| χ2/df | 2.466 | 3.064 | 2.122 | 2.551 | 2.554 | |
| TLI | 0.952 | 0.946 | 0.957 | 0.951 | 0.959 | |
| CFI | 0.957 | 0.951 | 0.961 | 0.956 | 0.956 | |
| RMSEA | 0.054 | 0.060 | 0.050 | 0.032 | 0.032 | |
| Structural relationships (β) | Δχ2 test | |||||
| EV → RiskPer1 | EV excluded in the measurement model | H1: Not supported | Δχ2 | 8.494 | ||
| AV → RiskPer1 | −0.109 n.s. | −0.099 n.s. | −0.078 n.s. | H2: Not supported | Δdf | 2 |
| BV → RiskPer1 | 0.818 *** | 0.762 *** | 0.763 *** | H3: Supported | Δχ2/Δdf | 4.247 |
| RiskPer1 → AC | 0.843 *** | 0.951 *** | 0.882 *** | H4: Supported | (p < 0.05) | |
| AC → AR | 0.631 *** | 0.762 *** | 0.583 *** | H5: Supported | ||
| AR → PN | 0.684 *** | 0.774 *** | 0.736 *** | H6: Supported | ||
| PN → CI | 0.762 *** | 0.776 *** | 0.658 *** | H7: Supported | ||
| Critical Ratios | DE: 0.181 | ES: −2.751 | FR: −2.528 | H8: Supported | ||
| Squared Multiple Correlations (R2) | ||||||
| 0.580 | 0.602 | 0.433 | ||||
β: standardized regression weights, *** p < 0.001, n.s.: non-significant.