Table 2.
Pooled results and certainty assessment of randomized clinical trials and observational studies involving children with recurrent UTIs (second clinical question).
| Certainty Assessment | No. of Patients | Effect | Certainty | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Studies | Study Design | Risk of Bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other Considerations | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | No Prophylaxis | Relative (95% CI) |
Absolute (95% CI) |
|
| Risk of UTI recurrence (follow-up: mean 12 months; assessed as rates of recurrence) | |||||||||||
| 1 [20] | randomized trials | not serious a | not serious | not serious | very serious b | none | 15/54 (27.8%) | 16/44 (36.4%) |
RR 0.76 (0.43 to 1.37) |
87 fewer per 1000 (207 fewer–135 more) |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
| Risk of new antimicrobial resistances (assessed as rates of infections resistant to empiric antibiotics) | |||||||||||
| 1 [35] | observational studies | not serious c | not serious | not serious | very serious d | none | 4/10 (40.0%) | 7/27 (25.9%) |
RR 1.54 (0.57 to 4.16) |
140 more per 1000 (111 fewer–819 more) |
⨁◯◯◯ Very low |
CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; OR: odds ratio; RR: risk ratio. a: complete risk of bias analysis with results for single domains of the RoB2 tool is presented in Supplementary Materials. b: OIS criterion is not met and 95% CI overlaps no effect. c: complete risk of bias analysis with results for Newcastle–Ottawa Scale tool is presented in Supplementary Tables and Figures. d: OIS criterion is not met.