Table 7.
Pooled results and certainty assessment of randomized clinical trials and observational studies involving children with neurogenic bladder (eighth clinical question).
| Certainty Assessment | No. of Patients | Effect | Certainty | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Studies | Study Design | Risk of Bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other Considerations | Antibiotic Prophylaxis | No Prophylaxis | Relative (95% CI) |
Absolute (95% CI) |
|
| Risk of UTI recurrence (follow-up: mean 11 months; assessed as rates of recurrence) | |||||||||||
| 2 [60,61] | randomized trials | serious a | serious b | not serious | serious c | strong association | 22/119 (18.5%) | 7/110 (6.4%) |
RR 2.91 (1.29 to 6.53) |
122 more per 1000 (18 more–352 more) |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
| Risk of UTI recurrence (follow-up: mean 24 months; assessed as rates of recurrence) | |||||||||||
| 1 [62,63] | observational studies | not serious d | not serious | not serious | not serious | none | 43/85 (50.6%) | 23/36 (63.9%) |
RR 0.79 (0.57 to 1.09) |
134 fewer per 1000 (275 fewer–58 more) |
⨁⨁◯◯ Low |
| Risk of new antimicrobial resistances (follow-up: mean 18 months; assessed as rates of infections resistant to empiric antibiotics) | |||||||||||
| 1 [64] | randomized trials | not serious a | not serious | Serious e | not serious | none | 248/343 (72.3%) | 197/370 (53.2%) |
RR 1.57 (1.31 to 1.89) |
303 more per 1000 (165 more–474 more) |
⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate |
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio. a: complete risk of bias analysis with results for single domains of the RoB2 tool is presented in Supplementary Tables and Figures. b: event rates are significantly different between studies. c: OIS criterion is not met. d: complete risk of bias analysis with results for Newcastle–Ottawa Scale tool is presented in Supplementary Tables and Figures. e: outcome measured as rate of resistant isolates in positive urine samples from each group, not as prevalence of resistant UTIs in patients.