Table 9.
Pooled results and certainty assessment of randomized clinical trials and observational studies involving children receiving different prophylactic antibiotics (ninth clinical question).
| Certainty Assessment | No. of Patients | Effect | Certainty | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Studies | Study Design | Risk of Bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other Considerations | Antibiotic Prophylaxis with Co-Trimoxazole | Nitrofurantoine | Relative (95% CI) |
Absolute (95% CI) |
|
| Risk of UTI recurrence (assessed as rates of recurrence) | |||||||||||
| 1 [67] | observational studies | not serious a | serious b | not serious | serious c | none | 10/170 (5.9%) | 1/13 (7.7%) |
RR 0.76 (0.11 to 5.52) |
18 fewer per 1000 (68 fewer–348 more) |
⨁◯◯◯ Very low |
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio. a: complete risk of bias analysis with results for Newcastle–Ottawa Scale tool is presented in Supplementary Tables and Figures. b: sizes of groups are significantly different. c: OIS criterion is not met and 95% CI overlaps no effect.