Figure 1.

Autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Macroautophagy/autophagy or selective autophagy (lipophagy, ferritinophagy, clockophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy) promotes the degradation of organelles, ferritin, lipid droplets, or proteins (such as GPX4 and ARNTL) to increase intracellular Fe²⁺ or free fatty acids, promoting ferroptosis. In addition, BECN1 binding to SLC7A11 or cathepsin B release also promotes ferroptosis through lipid peroxidation. In this process, ACSL4 plays a crucial role by effectively binding long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with coenzyme A, enabling their re-esterification into phospholipids through the action of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3). This interaction further facilitates the promotion of ferroptosis.