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. 2023 Jun 8;12(6):1237. doi: 10.3390/antiox12061237

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Schematic illustration of cellular and molecular pathways in diabetic retinopathy leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Polyphenols, such as quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, ferulic acid, and epicatechin gallate, contribute to the inhibition of positive feedback and thus reduce the occurrence of cellular signaling cascades involved in diabetic retinopathy.