Figure 1.

Cigarette smoke-mediated cellular pathways in inflammation, fibrosis, senescence, and autophagy. Cigarette smoke exposure initiates inflammation pathways, leading to the recruitment of immune cells and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke activates fibrosis pathways, resulting in extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis formation. Moreover, cellular senescence is expedited, and the autophagy pathway is modified in response to cigarette smoke, contributing to the onset of age-related diseases. This illustration depicts the cellular pathways influenced by cigarette smoke exposure.