Table 1.

Lung transplant and EVLP studies with MSCs.

Target	Species	Model	MSC	Administration	Effect	Ref
IRI	Rat	Lung hilar clamping	Engineered BM-MSC (MSC-vIL-10)	Intravenous	Improved oxygenation, inflammation and permeability	[43]
IRI	Pig	SLTx	BM-MSC	Pulmonary artery vs. endobronchial	Endobronchial MSC delivery improved lung compliance	[44]
IRI	Human	EVLP	MAPC	Airways	Decreased edema and inflammation	[45]
IRI	Human	EVLP	BM-MSC	Intravascular	Restored alveolar fluid clearance	[46]
IRI	Mouse	SLTx	BM-MSC	Recipient intravenous	Decreased IRI, MSC homing preferentially into the lung transplant	[47]
IRI	Pig	EVLP	UC-MSC	Airway vs. intravascular, 3 different doses	Intravascular delivery improved MSC lung retention, optimal dose 150 × 106 MSC decreased IL-8 and increased VEGF	[48]
IRI	Mouse	SLTx	BM-MSC	Ex vivo pulmonary artery	Decreased IRI	[49]
IRI	Pig	SLTx	BM-MSC	Pulmonary artery vs. endobronchial	No short-term differences detected	[50]
IRI	Mouse	Lung hilar clamping and EVLP	Human UC-MSC vs. MSC-EVs	Intravascular	MSCs and MSC-EVs attenuate IRI	[51]
IRI	Human	EVLP	MAPC	Airways	Decreased BAL neutrophilia, TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ	[52]
IRI	Pig	SLTx	BM-MSC	Intravenous or intrabronchial	Heterogenous localization, in alveoli after endobronchial and in blood vessels after intravascular administration	[53]
IRI	Rat	SLTx	BM-MSC	Intravenous	Protection against IRI	[54]
IRI	Pig	EVLP and SLTx	UC-MSC	Intravascular	Decreased IRI during EVLP and after TX	[55]
IRI	Rat	EVLP	UC-MSC	Intravascular	Improved inflammation and IRI	[56]
IRI	Rat	EVLP	BM-MSC-EVs	Intravascular	Multiple influences on pulmonary energetics, tissue integrity and gene expression	[30]
IRI	Human	EVLP	Engineered UC-MSC (MSCIL−10)	Intravascular	Safe and feasible, results in rapid IL-10 elevation	[40]
IRI	Rat	SLTx	Donor vs. recipient adipose tissue MSC	Intravenous	MSCs, regardless of their origin, exert similar immunosuppressive effects	[57]
IRI/ ARDS	Human	EVLP/endotoxin	BM-MSC	Airways	Restored alveolar fluid clearance	[58]
IRI/ ARDS	Human	EVLP/e.coli pneumonia	BM-MSC	Airways	Restored alveolar fluid clearance, reduced inflammation and increased antimicrobial activity	[59]
Acute rejection	Rat	SLTx	BM-MSC	1 vs. 2 recipient intravenous doses	Protection from acute rejection, best result with 2 recipient doses	[60]
Acute rejection/ CLAD	Mouse	Ortotopic tracheal Tx	iPSC-MSC	Intravascular	Induces immune tolerance and supports long-term graft survival	[61]
CLAD	Mouse	Heterotopic tracheal Tx	MSC (various sources)	Intravenous	Prevents airway occlusion	[62]
CLAD	Mouse	Ortotopic tracheal Tx	BM-MSC	Intravenous	Prevents airway occlusion through macrophage cytokines	[63]
CLAD	Mouse	Heterotopic tracheal Tx	BM-MSC	Local vs. systemic vs. combination	Prevents airway occlusion through modulation of immune response, best effect with combination treatment	[64]
CLAD	Human	Clinical Tx	BM-MSC	Intravenous twice weekly for 2 weeks	Safe and feasible in patients with advanced CLAD	[13]
CLAD	Human	Clinical Tx	BM-MSC	Intravenous	Safe and feasible in patients with moderate CLAD	[12]
CLAD	Human	Clinical Tx	BM-MSC	Intravenous	Well tolerated in moderate-to-severe CLAD, low-dose may slow progression of CLAD in some patients	[11]