Table 3.
An overview of recent and novel applications of closed-BPE-ECL in biosensing.
| Sample Matrix/Analyte | ECL System | LoD, Nature of BE and Other Notable Remarks | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood/carcinoembryonic antigen and H2O2 | Ru(bpy)32+/(NH4)2C2O4/H2O2 | 5.0 pg mL−1 for carcinoembryonic antigen; Pt-graphite paper BE fabricated by depositing Pt NPs. | [41] |
| Blood/ATP, PSA, AFP, and thrombin | Ru(bpy)32+/tripropylamine | Visual detection; Au-ITO hybrid BE; ECL platform enabled sensitive detection and good reproducibility. | [66] |
| Blood/H2O2, vitamin B12, and vitamin C | Luminol/H2O2 | 0.303 μM, 0.109 nM, and 0.96 μM, respectively; laser-induced graphene BE fabricated with polyimide sheet. | [57] |
| Blood/S. typhimurium | ([Ir(ppy)3] and [Ru(bpy)3]2+) | 10 CFU/mL; ITO BE fabricated with immunomagnetic beads. | [67] |
| Blood/multi-assaying of cholesterol, glucose, and lactate | PPC−PBA/Fc/Enzyme interface | 79 μM for cholesterol, 59 μM for glucose, and 86 μM for lactate; powered ITO electrodes. | [77] |
| Blood/cholesterol | Luminol/H2O2 | 0.12 mM; Potential applications in biomedical, food management and in POCT. | [229] |
| Blood/PSA | CdTe QDs and luminol | 0.5 ng/mL (S/N = 3); Au NRs nanocomposite BE. | [230] |
| Blood/aflatoxin M1 | Luminol-functionalized Ag NPs-decorated graphene oxide | 0.01 ng mL−1; gold anodic BE coated with magnetic Fe3O4. | [231] |
| Blood/miRNA-155 and miRNA-126 | CdTe QDs-H2 and Au@g-C3N4 NSs-DNA1/S2O82− | 5.7 and 4.2 fM, respectively; paper-based sensing platform (BE) prepared by wax-printing technology, screen-printing method, and in situ AuNPs. | [76] |
| Plasma/RASSF1A-methylated DNA and SLC5A8 methylated DNA | Luminol loaded into Fe3O4@UiO-66 | Visual detection; HER on Ru NPs electrodeposited on nitrogen-doped graphene-coated Cu foam and electrooxidation of hydrazine on a polycatechol-modified reduced graphene oxide/pencil graphite electrode used as the BE cathodic and anodic reactions, respectively. | [232] |
| Serum/glucose, lactate, and choline. | luminol-H2O2 | 7.57 μM, 8.25 μM and 43.19 μM, respectively: ITO BEs modified to adapt different enzymes; fabricated with: GOD/MWCNTs/CS (LOD/MWCNTs/CS or COD/MWCNTs/C. | [233] |
| Cancer cells/adenosine | Ru(bpy)32+/TPA | 10−15 M; ITO BE modified with complementary single-stranded DNA. | [234] |
| Intracellular/H2O2 and MCF-7 cancer cells | Luminol/H2O2 | 40 cells/mL; AuPd NPs modified BE; wax printing used to fabricate reaction center, and carbon ink-based BE and driving electrodes screen-printed into paper. | [235] |
| H2O2 | Luminol/H2O2 | 0.26 μM; ITO conductive glass as BE. | [236] |
| Blood/cytokeratin 19 fragments | Luminol/H2O2 and O2 | 1.89 pg mL−1; ITO BE; in situ generation of H2O2 and O2 H2O2 and O2 enhanced luminol ECL intensity. | [237] |
Abb: LoD: limit of detection; NPs; nanoparticles: POCT: Point of care testing; ITO: indium tin oxide; PPC-PBA: Phosphorylcholine-phenylbutyric acid; Fc: ferrocene; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; PSA: Prostate-specific antigen; AFP: α-fetoprotein; Ir(ppy)3]: iridium (III) complex; (Ru(bpy)32+): dichloro-tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) hydrate; QDs: quantum dots; NRs: nanorods; NSs: nanosheets; HER: hydrogen evolution reaction; GOD: glucose oxidase; LOD: lactate oxidase; COD: choline oxidase; MWCNTs: multiwalled carbon nanotubes; CS: chitosan; TPA: tripropylamine; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.