Figure 1.

Multiple pathways coordinate and regulate aldosterone signalling. Multiple stimuli result in aldosterone production within the adrenal glands, the role of localized aldosterone production remains unknown. Circulating aldosterone my act on cell surface MR receptors and GPER in addition to the cytosolic MR receptor. The ‘classical’ aldosterone signalling pathway (via cytosolic MR) is protected from cortisol activation by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity. These complex pathways all represent potential future therapeutic targets.