Figure 4.

Corrugator amplitude (compared to pre-trial baseline) for all participants during the full 20 s that the memory cue was presented on the screen during the autobiographical recall task. Recalling sad memories (blue) resulted in an increase in amplitude, whereas recalling happy memories (green) resulted in a decrease in amplitude. Emotion-related differentiation of the corrugator signal primarily emerged after participants indicated they had retrieved the memory. Shown on the right is the corrugator response averaged across 4 to 20 s (the recall/rumination period after initial retrieval of the event), which exhibited a significant difference between groups. This difference in corrugator amplitude was most apparent for highly arousing memories. Plots depict estimated marginal means. Shaded areas and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. For all analyses, n = 80 (39 participants recalled happy memories and 41 participants recalled sad memories). ** p < 0.01.