. 2023 Jun 5;13(6):622. doi: 10.3390/bios13060622

Table 1.

Some selected enzyme-based electrochemical nanobiosensors.

Nanomaterial	Target	Enzyme	Support	Detection Principle	LOD	Application	Ref.
PCL:PAA/PAMAM/PyOx	Glucose	PyOx	GCE	CV, DPV and EIS	0.0085 mM	Artificial serum, urine, salvia, sweat	[95]
Au/AuNP/(FcSH + Cyst)/PAMAM/GOx	Glucose	GOx	AuE	CV and AMP	0.6 mM	Cherry juice Fizzy	[104]
AuE/PANI:3MPA-ZnSeQD/HRP	17β-Estradiol	HRP	AuE	CV and DPV	0.2 × 10⁻⁶ M	Wastewater	[111]
CNT	Glucose	GO_x	Au MEA	CV and EIS	0.2 ± 0.0014 µM	Blood serum samples	[114]
PANI/MG	hydroquinone	Lac	GCE	CV and CA	2.94 μM	Actual water sample	[119]
Cu–TCPP	Bisphenol A	Tyr	GCE	DPV	1.2 nM	Milk and plastic mineral water	[121]
AuNPs	polyphenols	lac	SPCE	CV	0.83 μM	Polyphenols in propolis	[124]
TiO₂ NT	H₂O₂	HRP	PEC electrode	photoelectrochemical	0.7 nM	NS	[125]
AuNPs	glyphosate	urease	Ion selective electrode (Elite 8051)	potentiometry	0.5 ppm	Pesticides	[126]
Mucin and CNT	Glucose	Albumin	Pt	AMP	3 μM	Human plasma	[127]
GO/Fe₃O₄	Glucose	GO_x	GCE	AMP	106.5 μA mM⁻¹	Health	[128]
Ferrite NPs	Urea	Urease	GCE	CV and DPV	0.17 µM	Soil and milk samples	[129]
PEDOT-GONs	Catechol	Lac	GCE	CV	0.032 μM	Real water samples	[130]
Brushite cement-GA	Tyramine	PPO	GCE	CV	4.85 × 10⁻⁸ M	Gouda and brie cheeses	[131]
Sol–gel/Au-NF/MWCNT	D-alanine	DAAO	GCE	LSV and CV	20 nM	Human serum	[132]
MOF	Hydrogen peroxide	HRP	GCE	AMP and CV	0.09 μM	NS	[133]
ERGO-MWCNTs	Catechol	Lac	GCE	CA	0.3 μM	Fruit juice samples	[134]
	Pyrogallol
	Epicatechin
	Gallic acid
	1,2-dihydroxybenzoic acid
	Caffeic acid
	Chlorogenic acid
	Rutin
	Catechin
	Dopamine
Chitosan/ZnO	Melamine	AChE	PtE	CV	3 pM for Melamine 1 pM for urea	Adulterated milk samples	[135]
Chitosan/ZnO	Urea	AChE	PtE	CV	3 pM for Melamine 1 pM for urea	Adulterated milk samples	[135]
ND-PS	Catechol	Tyr	GCE	DPV	3.9 × 10⁻⁷ M	River and tap water	[136]
Cu-MOF/CS/Pt	Lactate	LOx	SPCE	CA	0.75 μM	Sweat, saliva, red and white wines	[137]
PdPt NPs/Ch-IL/Gr-MWCNTs-IL	Tyrosine	TyrH	GCE	DPV	0.009 × 10⁻⁹ M	Cheese, egg and yogurt	[138]
Au NPs/Chitin-IL/PEDOP/Gr-MWCNTs-Fr-IL	Cholesterol	ChO, ChE and HRP	GCE	CA	0.07 μM	Rat plasma	[139]
rGO-AgNPs/Gr	L-dopa	PPO	GCE	CA	1.85 μM	Urine	[140]
rGO	Carbamate	AChE	GCE	DPV	1.9 nM	Tomato	[141]
Fe₃O₄@Au/(MnO₂)	Glucose	GOx- ADH	CPE	CA	0.1 mM for glucose and 60 mM for ethanol	Honey wine fermentation with wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Type II)	[142]
Fe₃O₄@Au/(MnO₂)	Ethanol	GOx- ADH	CPE	CA	0.1 mM for glucose and 60 mM for ethanol		[142]
Fe₃O₄/PPy@ZIF-8	Glucose	GOx	GCE	CA	0.333 μM	Serum	[143]
Poly(L-Asp)/MWCNT	Xanthine	XO	GCE	DPV	3.5 × 10⁻⁴ μM	Fish meat	[144]
Pt@UiO66-NH₂	Organophosphorus pesticides	AChE	GCE	DPV	4.9 × 10⁻¹⁵ M	Cabbage and apple	[145]
PLLY/CiA-GR	17β-estradiol	Lac	GCE	DPV	0.13 pM	Human urine	[146]
IL/GCE and GO-IL/GCE	Choline	AChE-ChO	GCE	ADPSV	0.885 nM	Human serum	[147]
IL/GCE and GO-IL/GCE	Acetylcholine	AChE-ChO	GCE	ADPSV	1.352 nM	Human serum	[147]
POxNPs/AuE	Pyruvate	POx	AuE	CA	0.67 μM	Serum	[148]
GKNPs/GPONPs/GrONPs/	Glycerol	GPO	PGE	CA	0.002 μM	Blood serum	[149]
GrO/AuNPs/PVA/HFB1	Pyruvate	Lactate dehydrogenase	GCE	DPV and CA	8.69 nM	Serum	[150]
AuNP-PANSA	Tyramine	Tyr	GCE	CA	0.71 μM	Fermented food and beverages	[151]
PBCB_ethaline-HNO₃^PTD/MWCNT	Dichlorvos	ChOx	GCE	CA	1.6 nM	Orange juice	[152]
MNPs/IrOxNPs	Methimazole	Tyr	SPE	CA	0.006 μM and 0.003 μM	Human serum and pharmaceutical dosage form	[153]
(poly(BODT-co-FMOC)	Donepezil	AChE-ChO	GE	CA	0.027 μg/L for Donepezil	Tap water	[154]
(poly(BODT-co-FMOC)	Neostigmine	AChE-ChO	GE	CA	0.559 μ/L for Neostigmine	Tap water	[154]
ERGO/IrOxNPs	Captopril	Tyr	SPE	CA	0.008 μM and 0.019 μM	Human serum and pharmaceutical dosage form	[155]
CTAB-NCC/QDs	Phenol	Tyr	SPCE	DPV	0.082 μM	Lake water	[156]
	Catechol				0.125 μM
	o-Cresol				0.007 μM
	4-Chlorophenol				0.021 μM
Nafion/ZnO QDs	Uric acid	Uricase	SPE	CA	22.97 ± 10 μM	Urine samples	[157]
GQDs-AuNPs/PDDA-MWCNTs/CS/CBA	glucose	GOx	C-BPE	C-BP-ECL	64 nM	human serum samples	[158]
PAN-MWCNTs/PEDOT	glucose	GOx	Pt disk electrode	AMP	2.30 μM	Blood serum samples	[159]
PAN-MWCNTs/PPy	glucose	GOx	Pt disk electrode	AMP	2.38 μM	Blood serum samples	[159]
ZIF-8/CaCO₃ NPs	glucose	GOx	Bare Au electrode	EIS	NS	Real honey samples	[160]
Pt-HEC/LSG	Glucose	GOx	Pt	CV and EIS	0.23 μM	In human sweat	[161]
SPCE/HRP and SPCE/PB/HRP	Caffeic acid	HRP	SPCE and SPCE/PB	CV	0.9 μM	In food supplements	[162]
GCE/Fe₃O₄@graphene/Ab/Lac	Free thyroid hormone	Lac	GCE	CV	45.9 nM	In synthetic serum samples	[163]
enzyme-Cu₃(PO₄)₂/CC	Glucose	GOx	GE	CV	2.05 μM	NS	[164]
C-MWCNT/DAO/EDC-NHS/GA	Cadaverine	DAO	SPE	Voltammetry and DPV	0.8 μg/mL	Stock solutions and artificial salvia	[165]
NiMn-LDH-MOF/GCE	Glucose	GOx	GCE	CV	0.87 μM	In actual serum samples	[166]
AChE-Cu₃(PO₄)₂ HNF/Apt/AuNP/CP	isocarbophos	AChE	CP	CV-EIS- SWV	0.016 pM	Real agricultural samples (oilseed rape, cabbage, apple, and pear)	[167]
	dichlorvos				0.028 pM
	methamidophos				0.071 pM
	parathion				0.113 pM
SBA−15/APTES/GA/LOx mini-reactor connected in front of the AgA-SPE	L-lactic acid	LOx	SPE	AMP	12.0 μmol L⁻¹	In wine and daily products	[168]
AuNPs/TA-APTES/aCC	Glucose	GOx	SPE	CV and EIS	3.3 μM	In sweat sample	[169]
Ag/AgCl, Pt electrode and Pt wire	Lactate	LOx	Glassy electrode	CV and chronoamperometry	31 μM	Lactate produced by foodborne lactic acid bacteria in real samples	[170]
AChE/Ag@CuO/PANI/ITO	Paraoxon-ethyl	AChE	ITO	CV	11.35 pM	Banana, tomato and soil samples	[171]
ChBD-GluOx/PB/SPC	Glutamate	GluOx	Pt electrode	CV	53.4 µA L mmol⁻¹ cm⁻²	Food ingredient	[172]
Nafion/GOx/GF	Dopamine	GOx	GCE	CV	0.6 μM	Biological samples	[173]
Nafion/GOx/GF	Glucose	GOx	GCE	CV	0.41 μM	Biological samples	[173]
GluOx/PMPD/Pt/GRE	Glucose	GluOx	GRE	CV	0.536 μM	Cucumber fruit and juice	[174]
AChE- CS/GP-AuNP-PEDOT:PSS/SPCE	Chlorpyrifos	AChE	SPCE	DPV	0.07 nM	In real cabbage sample	[175]
Fe₃O₄@COF	Hydroquinone	HRP	GCE	DPV	0.12 μM	Environmental water samples	[176]
GO/nafion/GCE	Glutathione	GSH-Px	GCE	DPV	1.5 nM	Hemolyzed erythrocyte, dextrose saline, tablet	[177]
Polystyrene/rGO-MNP-PDA/Anti-CRP	CRP	GO	SPCE	CV, DPV and EIS	0.33 ng/mL	Artificial saliva	[178]
3-APBA	Catechol	Tyr	Au SPE GCE	CV	0.25 μM	Green tea	[179]
PdCu	Lactate	LOx	LIG	AMP	0.28 μM	NS	[180]
PPy-IC-DS1-AuNP	Carbaryl	AChE	ITO	AMP	0.033 ng cm² mL⁻¹	Tap water	[181]
PEDOT:PSS/Ti₃C₂/GQD	Glucose	GOx	SPE	DPV	65 µM	NS	[182]
β-CD-AuNPs	Catechol	Tyr	GE	AMP	0.42 μM	Drug Inhibition	[183]
Pt/PPy/Chi	Atch	AChE	Pt	DPV	0.45 µM	NS	[184]
Pt/PPy/Chi	Paraoxon	AChE	Pt	DPV	0.17 nM	NS	[184]
Chi/Ti₃C₂T_x	Cholesterol	ChOx	GCE	DPV	0.11 nM	Human serum	[185]
Ti₃C₂/Nafion film	Hydrogen peroxide	HRP	GCE	DPV	1 µM	Human serum	[186]
ZnONPs-ATP-GO	Sucralose	Lac	GCE	DPV	0.32 μM	Food samples	[187]
Cellulose acetate–CS/GOx	Glucose	GO	GCE	CV	4.8 µM	Artificial tears, urine, sweat and serum	[188]
PVA-PEI/MNP/GO	Glucose	GO	SPE	CV and EIS	11.5 μM	Synthetic spiked samples	[189]
Ant-PAA/Lac	Phenol	Lac	GCE	CV and EIS	0.046 mM	Artificial wastewater	[190]
PCL-Chi/PAMAM-Mt	U87		GCE	CV, DPV and EIS		NS	[191]
PVA/PAMAM-Mt	Glucose	PyOx	GCE	CV, DPV and EIS	0.7 µM	Soft drink cola	[192]
Cysteamine/PAMAM	Glucose Ethanol	PyOx AOx	AuE	FIA-AMP	NS	Fermentation broth	[193]
AG/PyOx/CHIT–CNT AG/PyOx/CHIT	Maltose	PyOx α-glucosidase	GE	AMP	NS	Beer samples	[194]
PAMAM/Cyst/AOx	Ethanol	AOx	AuE	AMP	0.016 mM	Alcoholic beverage and yeast cultivation samples	[195]
CP/AuNP/GOx	Glucose	GOx	GE	CV	0.0021 and 0.0063 mM	Fizzy with orange Fizzy coke Lemonade Ice tea Peach juice Green tea Orange juice	[196]
CNTPE	Glucose	PyOx	CPE	CV	NS	In wine samples	[197]
AuNP/PANI/AgCl/Gelatin	Glucose	PyOx	GCE	CV and DPV	NS	Coke Lemonade Green tea Fruit juice Red Bull White wine Red wine	[198]
PDA/Cyst/AuNP	Glucose	GOx PyOx	AuE	FIA-AMP	38.97 µM 1.27 µM	Yeast fermentation	[199]
PEG/AuNP/GOx	Glucose	GOx	PtE	CV	0.06 mM	Ice tea Cherry juice	[200]
FDH/PAMAM	Fructose	FDH	AuE	CV	NS	Fruit juices Fizzy energy drink	[201]
Pt/MoO₃/GCE/GOx	Glucose	GOx	GCE	CV	0.025 mM	NS	[202]
PyOx–IL–Pt–MnOx/GCE	Glucose	PyOx	GCE	CV	2.0 μM	Coke Orange juice	[203]
PGA–Mt/PyOx	Glucose	PyOx	GCE	AMP	1.2 μM	Coke and other fizzy drinks	[204]
MNP-His/Cu/Lac	Phenol	Lac	CPE	CV	NS	In culture medium	[205]
MNP/GOx	Glucose	GOx	CPE	AMP	NS	Fruit juices	[206]

3-APBA:3-aminophenylboronic acid; 3MPA: 3-mercaptopropionic acid; Ab: antibody; Acc: activated carbon cloth; aCC: activated carbon cloth; AChE: acetylcholinesterase specific binding aptamer inorganic; ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase; ADPSV: Anodic differential pulse stripping voltammetry; AG: α-glucosidase; AgA-SPE: Amalgam-SPE; AgCl: silver chloride; Ant: anthracene; AMP: amperometry; Apt: aptamer; APTES: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; Asp: aspartic acid; Au MEA: Gold microelectrode arrays; AuE: gold electrode; AOx: alcohol oxidase; AuNP: gold nanoparticles; BODT: 5,6-bis(octyloxy)-4,7-di(thiophen 2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole; BODIPY: 4,4difloro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene; CA: chronoamperometry; CiA: critic acid; CAT: catalase; CBA: C-BPE anode; C-BPE: closed bipolar electrode; C-BP-ECL: closed bipolar electrochemiluminescence; CC: carbon cloth; ChBD: Chitin-binding domain; ChE: cholesterol esterase; Chi: chitosan; ChO: cholesterol oxidase; ChOx: choline oxidase; CNT: carbon nanotubes; CNTPE: CNT-modified carbon paste electrode; CRP: C-reactive protein; COF: covalent organic frameworks; CP: carbon paper; CPE: carbon paste electrode; CS: Chitosan; CTAB: cetyltriammonium bromide; CP: conducting polymers; CPE: carbon paste electrode; Cyst: cysteamine; CV: cyclic voltammetry; DAAO: D-amino acid oxidase; DAO: diamine oxidase; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; DTP-Trp: dithione [3,2-b:2′,3′-d] pyrrole- tryptophan; DS: dodecyl sulphate; EDC:1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; ERGO: electrochemical eduction of graphene oxide; FeMOFs: Fe (III) metal organic frameworks; FcSH: 6-(Ferrocenyl) hexanethiol; FIA: Flow injection analysis; FMOC: (2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino) acetic acid; Fr: 1,1′-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid; FDH: fructose dehydrogenase; GA: glutaraldehyde; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; GE: graphite electrode; GF: graphene film; GK: glycerol kinase; GluOx: glutamate oxidase; GO: graphene oxide; GONs: graphene oxide nano-sheets; GOx: glucose oxidase; GP:Graphene; GPO: glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase; GQDs: graphene quantum dots; GR: graphene; Gr: graphite; GRE: graphite rod electrode; GrO: graphene oxide; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; Hb: hemoglobin; HEC: hydroxyethyl cellulose; HFB1: hydrophobin; HNF: hybrid nanoflowers; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; His: histidine; IC: indigo carmine; IL: ionic liquids; IrOx: iridium oxide; ITO: Indium doped tin oxide; L1AN: lactose 1-aminonaphthalene; Lac: laccase; LDH: layered double hydroxide; LIG:Laser induced graphene; LOx; Lactate oxidase; LSG: laser-scribed graphene; LSV: linear sweep voltammetry; MG: magnetic graphene; MNP: magnetic nanoparticle; MnOx: manganese oxide; MOF: metal–organic framework; MoO₃: molybdenum oxide; MWCNT: multiwalled carbon nanotubes; Mt: montmorillonite; NCC: nanocrystalline cellulose; ND: nanodiamonds; NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide; NP: nanoparticles; NS: nanosheet; NS: not stated; PAA: poly(amic) acid; PAN: polyacrylonitrile; PANI: Polyaniline; PANSA: poly(8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid); PAMAM: poly(amidoamine); PB: Prussian blue; PBCB: poly(brilliant cresyl blue); PCL: poly-Ɛ-caprolactone; PAA: poly(acrylic) acid; PDA: polydopamine; PDDA: poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride); PEC: photoelectrochemical; PEG: poly(ethylene glycol); PEDOP: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole); PEDOT: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); PEI: polyethyleneimine; PGA: polyglycolide; PGE: pencil graphite electrode; PtE: platinum electrode; PLLY: poly-L-lysine; PMPD: poly(m-phenylenediamine) film; PO: paraoxonase; POx: pyruvate oxidase; PPO: polyphenol oxidase; PPy: polypyrrole; PS: potato starch; PSS: poly(styrenesulfonate); PTD: potentiostatic deposition of polymer film; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol; QDs: quantum dots; PyOx: pyranose oxidase; rGO: reduced graphene oxide; SBA−15: mesoporous silica powder; SPC: screen-printed nanocube; SPCE: Screen-printed carbon electrode; SPE: screen-printed electrode; SWV: square wave voltammetry; TA: Tannic acid; TCPP: tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin; Ti₃C₂T_x:MXene; Tyr: tyrosinase; TyrH: tyrosine hydroxylase; XO: xanthine oxidase; ZIF: zeolitic imidazolate framework; ZNO: zinc oxide; ZnSe: zinc selenide; ZnSeQD: zinc selenide quantum dots; β -CD: β-cyclodextrin.