Table 4.

Algorithm results of the unimodal test function.

NO.	INDEX	IARO	ARO	PSO	ASO	WOA
F1	Mean	0	1.89 × 10−34	9.08 × 10−50	1.47 × 10−33	2.31 × 10−16
	Std	0	6.59 × 10−34	4.78 × 10−49	7.15 × 10−33	2.68 × 10−16
	Worst	0	3.07 × 10−33	2.62 × 10−48	3.93 × 10−32	1.03 × 10−15
	Best	0	1.89 × 10−34	9.08 × 10−50	1.47 × 10−33	2.31 × 10−16
F2	Mean	0	1.04 × 10−19	1.09 × 10−32	1.56 × 10−19	3.12 × 10−4
	Std	0	2.18 × 10−19	3.06 × 10−32	3.24 × 10−19	1.02 × 10−3
	Worst	0	8.70 × 10−19	1.61 × 10−31	1.12 × 10−18	4.18 × 10−3
	Best	0	1.04 × 10−19	1.09 × 10−32	1.56 × 10−19	3.12 × 10−4
F3	Mean	0	4.82 × 10−25	4.98 × 10+4	1.52 × 10−22	3.13 × 10+3
	Std	0	1.45 × 10−24	1.54 × 10+4	8.21 × 10−22	9.39 × 10+2
	Worst	0	7.70 × 10−24	8.59 × 10+4	4.50 × 10−21	5.16 × 10+3
	Best	0	4.82 × 10−25	4.98 × 10+4	1.52 × 10−22	3.13 × 10+3
F4	Mean	0	1.78 × 10−14	4.35 × 10+1	5.01 × 10−14	8.70 × 10−2
	Std	0	5.07 × 10−14	3.20 × 10+1	2.16 × 10−13	1.68 × 10−1
	Worst	0	2.14 × 10−13	8.788 × 10+1	1.18 × 10−12	7.08 × 10−1
	Best	0	1.78 × 10−14	4.35 × 10+1	5.01 × 10−14	8.70 × 10−2
F5	Mean	1.55 × 10+0	2.01 × 10+0	2.80 × 10+1	7.43 × 10−1	6.16 × 10+1
	Std	3.16 × 10+0	5.10 × 10+0	3.34 × 10−1	9.57 × 10−1	9.49 × 10+1
	Worst	1.50 × 10+1	2.69 × 10+1	2.87 × 10+1	4.68 × 10+0	5.31 × 10+2
	Best	1.55 × 10+0	2.01 × 10+0	2.80 × 10+1	7.43 × 10−1	6.16 × 10+1
F6	Mean	0	0	0	0	4.0 × 10−1
	Std	0	0	0	0	8.14 × 10−1
	Worst	0	0	0	0	4
	Best	0	0	0	0	4.0 × 10−1
F7	Mean	8.92 × 10−5	9.02 × 10−4	4.04 × 10−3	9.43 × 10−4	5.78 × 10−2
	Std	9.76 × 10−5	5.93 × 10−4	3.76 × 10−3	6.21 × 10−4	2.14 × 10−2
	Worst	4.35 × 10−4	2.37 × 10−3	1.50 × 10−2	2.59 × 10−3	1.17 × 10−1
	Best	8.92 × 10−5	9.02 × 10−4	4.04 × 10−3	9.43 × 10−4	5.78 × 10−2