Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Healthy | Subjective Cognitive Decline | Slow Gait | Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 116 (29.2%) |
n = 47 (11.8%) |
n = 175 (44.1%) |
n = 59 (14.9%) |
||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 70.2 ± 4.9 a | 71.6 ± 5.5 | 73.9 ± 5.6 | 74.4 ± 6.4 a | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.033 | ||||
| Male | 50 (43.1) | 19 (40.4) | 79 (45.1) | 14 (23.7) | |
| Female | 66 (56.9) | 28 (59.6) | 96 (54.9) | 45 (76.3) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.047 | ||||
| Chinese | 109 (94.0) | 41 (87.2) | 138 (78.9) | 50 (84.7) | |
| Malay | 2 (1.7) | 2 (4.3) | 18 (10.3) | 3 (5.1) | |
| Indian | 5 (4.3) | 4 (8.5) | 16 (9.1) | 6 (10.2) | |
| Others | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 4.1 a,b | 24.7 ± 3.8 c,d | 26.0 ± 4.9 a,c | 26.0 ± 5.2 b,d | 0.031 |
| Waist circumference (cm) * | 89.0 ± 12.7 | 88.3 ± 10.0 | 94.5 ± 13.4 | 92.5 ± 13.6 | 0.006 |
| Education, years | 9.4 ± 4.1 a | 8.3 ± 5.2 | 7.1 ± 4.1 | 6.6 ± 4.0 a | <0.001 |
| Chronic Disease | |||||
| Hypertension | 77 (66.4) | 29 (61.7) | 122 (69.7) | 41 (69.5) | 0.692 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 86 (74.1) | 34 (72.3) | 136 (77.7) | 44 (74.6) | 0.869 |
| Diabetes | 45 (38.8) | 19 (40.4) | 91 (52.0) | 26 (44.1) | 0.138 |
| Stroke | 8 (6.9) | 3 (6.4) | 17 (9.7) | 4 (6.8) | 0.767 |
| Multi-morbidity | 86 (74.1) | 32 (68.1) | 144 (82.3) | 44 (74.6) | 0.132 |
| Polypharmacy | 24 (20.7) | 12 (25.5) | 59 (33.7) | 16 (27.1) | 0.100 |
| Perceived Health Rating | 71.8 ± 14.3 a | 71.5 ± 11.3 | 68.7 ± 14.4 | 64.8 ± 15.3 a | 0.012 |
| RAPA Total | 3.5 ± 1.5 a | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.5 a | 0.031 |
| Rare/Light Activity | 64 (55.2) | 31 (66.0) | 109 (62.3) | 44 (74.6) | 0.086 |
| Moderate/Vigorous Activity |
52 (44.8) | 16 (34.0) | 66 (37.7) | 15 (25.4) | |
| MoCA, total | 27.2 ± 2.6 a,b | 26.0 ± 4.0 c,d | 24.8 ± 4.1 a,c | 23.5 ± 4.9 b,d | <0.001 |
| ≥1 Fall in 12 months | 27 (23.3) | 9 (19.1) | 36 (20.6) | 22 (37.3) | 0.085 |
| Depression | 20 (17.2) | 14 (29.8) | 44 (25.1) | 31 (52.5) | <0.001 |
| At least moderate pain | 12 (10.3) | 5 (10.6) | 31 (17.7) | 10 (16.9) | 0.273 |
| ≥1 ADL impairment | 9 (7.8) | 9 (19.1) | 42 (24.0) | 20 (33.9) | <0.001 |
| ≥1 IADL impairment | 17 (14.7) | 9 (19.1) | 56 (32.0) | 25 (42.4) | <0.001 |
| MNA Total | 12.8 ± 1.5 | 12.8 ± 1.7 | 12.8 ± 1.5 | 12.5 ± 1.6 | 0.444 |
| Nutrition Status | 0.113 | ||||
| Malnourished | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) | |
| At Risk | 22 (19.0) | 4 (8.5) | 28 (16.0) | 14 (23.7) | |
| Normal | 94 (81.0) | 42 (89.4) | 147 (84.0) | 44 (74.6) | |
| Physical Performance | |||||
| Max gait speed, m/s | 1.2 ± 0.2 a,b | 1.2 ± 0.2 c,d | 0.8 ± 0.2 a,c | 0.8 ± 0.2 b,d | <0.001 |
| Max handgrip strength, kg | 23.4 ± 7.0 a | 23.6 ± 8.2 b | 21.5 ± 6.8 c | 18.2 ± 4.3 a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Low grip strength 1 | 52 (44.8) | 18 (38.3) | 104 (59.4) | 39 (66.1) | 0.002 |
| SPPB, total | 11.0 ± 1.3 a,b | 10.7 ± 1.5 c,d | 9.0 ± 2.2 a,c | 8.4 ± 2.3 b,d | <0.001 |
| 5× STS time (s) | 11.2 ± 2.9 a,b | 12.1 ± 3.0 c | 13.8 ± 4.9 a,d | 16.3 ± 7.1 b,c,d | <0.001 |
| Body Composition | |||||
| ASMI (kg/m2) | 7.0 ± 2.4 | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 7.3 ± 2.7 | 6.5 ± 2.0 | 0.220 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 31.1 ± 8.8 a | 31.9 ± 7.3 | 33.7 ± 9.4 | 36.2 ± 9.3 a | 0.007 |
| Fat Mass Index | 7.9 ± 3.2 a | 8.0 ± 2.7 | 9.0 ± 3.8 | 9.7 ± 4.1 a | 0.008 |
| Fat Free Mass Index | 16.8 ± 2.4 | 16.6 ± 1.9 | 16.8 ± 2.4 | 16.1 ± 1.7 | 0.205 |
| Fat Mass to Fat Free Mass Ratio | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.003 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) * | 94.1 ± 39.0 | 92.1 ± 32.9 | 105.9 ± 47.7 | 110.1 ± 51.2 | 0.095 |
| Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2 | 1 (0.9) | 1 (2.1) | 36 (20.6) | 17 (28.8) | <0.001 |
Values presented as n (%) or mean ± SD; * n = 223; abcd Values with a common superscript alphabet are significantly different. BMI: Body Mass Index; RAPA: Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; ADL: Activities of Daily Living; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MNA: Mini Nutritional Assessment; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery Test; STS: Sit-to-Stand; ASMI: Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index; AWGS: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. 1 Adjusted for gender; 2 Based on Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019’s definition.