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. 2023 Jun 5;13(6):944. doi: 10.3390/biom13060944

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Nucleus-to-mitochondria communication pathways. Mitochondria communicate with the nucleus via retrograde (RTG) signaling pathways which are triggered on detection of mitochondrial dysfunction. The nucleus responds by anterograde signaling pathways. Environmental effects can trigger either RTG or anterograde signaling cascades.