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. 2023 Jun 11;13(6):977. doi: 10.3390/biom13060977

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Inflammation is increased both by aging and by the h-αSyn increase. (A) Photomicrographs of astrocytes labeled with anti-GFAP antibody in the striatum. Scale bar = 50 µm. (A(i)) Quantification of GFAP+ astrocytes’ immunoreactivity showed an increase with aging in all female mice and an increase in SNCA-OVX male mice. (A(ii)) An increase in GFAP immunoreactivity was observed between 4 and 18 months in sex-pooled mice. (B) Photomicrographs of microglia cells labeled with anti-iba1 antibody in the striatum. Scale bar = 100 µm. (B(i)) Quantification of Iba1+ microglia by immunoreactivity revealed a significant increase in SNCA-OVX male mice, and a non-significant increase in the other male-mouse models. (B(ii)) When mouse models were sex-pooled, a significant increase in microgliosis with aging was observed in SNCA-/- animals only. (C–F). Plasma-cytokine analysis revealed an increase in IL-1β (C), IL-10 (E), and IFN-γ (F) with aging in both sexes. Quantification of IL-5 (D) showed no difference with aging, but a higher level in female compared to male mice. Panel i, results from male and female mice are not pooled. Panel ii, hatched bars, results from male and female mice are pooled. Each group included 7–10 mice. Bonferroni post hoc tests: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. NS, non-significant. Abbreviations: A.U., arbitrary unit; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; WT, wildtype.