Table 1.

Plants with cognition-improving effect in diet-induced obese animal models.

Plant	Treatment Dose; Duration	Central Effects	Other Effects	Obesity Model; Strain, Species; Gender	Reference
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)	Dry leaf powder (1 mg/g of BW) + HFD; 12 weeks	neuroprotection; enhancement of synaptic plasticity and cell survival	normalized corticosterone levels; improved locomotor coordination	HFD (30% fat by weight); Wistar albino rats; Female	[39]
Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)	Ethanol extract (VA 100; 200 mg/kg of BW) + HFD; 4 weeks	not investigated	weight loss	HFD (60% fat); C57BL/6J mice; Male	[40]
Dwarf Goat’s Beard (Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus)	Ethyl acetate fraction (EFAD 20; 40 mg/kg of BW); +HFD 4 weeks	reduction of oxidative stress, improvement of impaired cholinergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, etc.	weight loss; improved impaired glucose tolerance	HFD (20 kcal%/g fat); C57BL/6 mice; Male	[41]
Hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta)	Chloroform fraction (20 and 40 mg/kg); 4 weeks	improved impaired cholinergic, antioxidant system, and mitochondria functions; brain insulin signaling	improved glucose tolerance	HFD (20 kcal%/g, carbohydrate 20 kcal%/g and fat 60 kcal%/g, 5.24 kcal/g); C57BL/6 mice; Male	[42]
Japanese aster [Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda]	Ethyl acetate fraction (EFAY 100 mg/kg; 200 mg/kg) + HFD; 4 weeks	decreased neuroinflammation; ameliorated insulin resistance	not investigated	HFD (60% fat); C57BL/6J mice; Male	[43]
Mango ginger (Curcuma amada)	Acetone extract (CAAE 100; 300 mg/kg of BW) + HFHS diet; 3 weeks	reduction in AchE and oxidative stress markers, improvement of impaired cholinergic system; increased dopamine and serotonin levels; neuroprotection	weight loss; decreased liver and serum lipid levels; increased HDLs	HFHSD (3 mL of ghee and 1 mL of coconut oil, and 25% of fructose); Wistar albino rats; Male	[44]
Mulberry root bark (Mori radicis cortex)	Dissolved extracts (100 or 200 mg/kg/day of BW); 6 weeks	decreased AChE expression; reduction of oxidative stress; inhibition of p-Tau expression; neuroprotection	weight loss; inhibited disruptions of lipid metabolic markers; lowered blood glucose spikes	HFD (60% kcal fat); C57BL/6 mice; Male	[45]
Olive (Olea europaea)	Ethanol/Water extract of olive leaves OLEAVITA (1 g olive leaf extract per 1000 g of HFD); 10 weeks	improvement of mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity; increased BDNFexpression	weight loss; enhanced mitochondrial muscle mass and endurance exercise capacity; antidepressant-like effect	HFD (protein, 17.8 g; fat, 20.0 g; carbohydrate 49.0 g; calorie, 480.8 kcal) + 200 g butter) C57BL/6J mice; Male	[46]
Pineapple (Ananas comosus)	Methanol extract of peel (PEAC 200 mg/kg of BW); 3 weeks	increasing antioxidant capacity; decreased brain AChE levels; reduction of neuroinflammation	anxiolytic-like effect; improved lipid profile and decreased risk of atherogenicity	HFD (44% animal fat and 0.3% methionine); Wistar rats; Male	[47]

Abbreviations: BW: body weight; HFD: high-fat diet; HFHSD: high-fat high-sucrose diet; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; AChE: acetylcholinesterase.