Table 3.
Multi-Level Model for Externalizing Behavior Problems
| Fixed Effects | b | SE | t-value | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Intercept (β0i) | ||||
| Intercept (γ00) | 16.64*** | 1.12 | 14.81 | 14.45, 18.84 |
| Female (γ01) | −1.22** | 0.45 | −2.70 | −2.11, −0.34 |
| Total Family Income (γ02) | −0.20* | 0.08 | −2.57 | −0.36, −0.05 |
| Caregiver Marital Status (γ03) | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.84 | −0.58, 1.46 |
| Hispanic (γ04) | −1.97 | 1.03 | −1.91 | −3.98, 0.05 |
| Black (γ05) | −0.85 | 0.64 | −1.33 | −2.10, 0.40 |
| Other (γ06) | −0.02 | 0.78 | −0.03 | −1.55, 1.51 |
| LONGSCAN Site: East (γ07) | −1.46 | 0.82 | −1.78 | −3.06, 0.14 |
| LONGSCAN Site: Midwest (γ08) | −3.80*** | 0.77 | −4.95 | −5.30, −2.30 |
| LONGSCAN Site: Northwest (γ09) | −0.99 | 0.71 | −1.39 | −2.39, 0.40 |
| LONGSCAN Site: South (γ010) | −1.87* | 0.81 | −2.30 | −3.46, −0.28 |
| Confirmed CM Birth to age 12 (γ011) | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.85 | −0.74, 1.88 |
| Confirmed CM ages 12 to 16 (γ012) | 2.49* | 1.04 | 2.40 | 0.47, 4.52 |
| Average PCRQ (γ013) | −9.47*** | 1.10 | −8.62 | −11.61, −7.33 |
| Average PM (γ014) | −5.54* | 2.16 | −2.57 | −9.75, −1.32 |
| Average PCRQ*Confirmed CM Birth to age 12 (γ015) | −2.85 | 1.55 | −1.84 | −5.88, 0.17 |
| Average PM*Confirmed CM Birth to age 12 (γ016) | 1.73 | 2.72 | 0.64 | −3.58, 7.04 |
| Age-Based Slope (β1i) | ||||
| Intercept (γ10) | −0.51*** | 0.10 | −5.06 | −0.71, −0.32 |
| Confirmed CM Birth to age 12 (γ11) | −0.10 | 0.14 | −0.68 | −0.37, 0.18 |
| Average PCRQ (γ12) | −0.29 | 0.25 | −1.16 | −0.78, 0.20 |
| Average PM (γ13) | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.71 | −0.62, 1.33 |
| Average PCRQ*Confirmed CM Birth to age 12 (γ14) | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.41 | −0.54, 0.83 |
| Average PM*Confirmed CM Birth to age 12 (γ15) | −0.24 | 0.62 | −0.39 | −1.45, 0.97 |
| Person and Time-Varying Covariates | ||||
| Time-Varying PCRQ (γ20) | −4.99*** | 0.38 | −13.12 | −5.73, −4.24 |
| Time-Varying PM (γ30) | −3.58*** | 0.55 | −6.52 | −4.65, −2.51 |
|
| ||||
| Random Effects | ||||
|
| ||||
| Intercept (σu0) | 7.02 [6.47, 7.62] | |||
| Correlation (Intercept, Slope) | −0.47 [−0.58, −0.35] | |||
| Slope (σu1) | 1.02 [0.88, 1.18] | |||
| Level 1 Residual (σe) | 4.50 [4.30, 4.71] | |||
| Model Fit (Log Likelihood; LL) | −8061.48 | |||
Note.
= p < 0.05
= p < 0.01
= p < 0.001. PCRQ = Parent Child Relationship Quality. PM = Parental Monitoring. CM = Child Maltreatment. Total family income and caregiver marital status assessed at Age 12 LONGSCAN Assessment. LONGSCAN Site: Southwest was the reference category. Random effects are reported as standard deviations and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. To compare the relative strength of parent-child relationship quality and parental monitoring in relation to adolescent externalizing behaviors, we re-fitted nested variations of the externalizing model with subsets of the parenting characteristics omitted and examined associated changes in model fit. The associated changes in LL value for parent-child relationship quality with omission of between-person (γ013 γ015, γ12, γ14), within-person (γ20), and all parameters were ΔLL = 166.21, 129.80, and 296.62 respectively. The respective changes in LL value for parental monitoring were ΔLL = 7.81, 21.15, and 28.82.