Table 4.
Multi-Level Model for Internalizing Behavior Problems
| Fixed Effects | b | SE | t-value | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Intercept (β0i) | ||||
| Intercept (γ00) | 10.72*** | 0.86 | 12.44 | 9.04, 12.40 |
| Female (γ01) | 1.12** | 0.34 | 3.27 | 0.45, 1.79 |
| Total Family Income (γ02) | −0.13* | 0.06 | −2.16 | −0.25, −0.01 |
| Caregiver Marital Status (γ03) | 0.67 | 0.40 | 1.69 | −0.11, 1.44 |
| Hispanic (γ04) | −1.84* | 0.78 | −2.35 | −3.36, −0.31 |
| Black (γ05) | −2.08*** | 0.48 | −4.29 | −3.03, −1.14 |
| Other (γ06) | −1.23* | 0.59 | −2.07 | −2.39, −0.07 |
| LONGSCAN Site: East (γ07) | −1.17 | 0.62 | −1.88 | −2.39, 0.04 |
| LONGSCAN Site: Midwest (γ08) | −1.92** | 0.58 | −3.30 | −3.06, −0.78 |
| LONGSCAN Site: Northwest (γ09) | −0.45 | 0.54 | −0.83 | −1.51, 0.61 |
| LONGSCAN Site: South (γ010) | −0.85 | 0.62 | −1.38 | −2.06, 0.36 |
| Confirmed CM Birth to 12 (γ011) | −0.49 | 0.54 | −0.91 | −1.55, 0.57 |
| Confirmed CM 12 to 16 (γ012) | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.90 | −0.83, 2.25 |
| Average PCRQ (γ013) | −4.45*** | 0.89 | −4.98 | −6.20, −2.71 |
| Average PM (γ014) | −6.41*** | 1.76 | −3.65 | −9.85, −2.98 |
| Average PCRQ*Confirmed CM Birth to 12 (γ015) | −1.13 | 1.26 | −0.89 | −3.59, 1.33 |
| Average PM*Confirmed CM Birth to 12 (γ016) | 4.44* | 2.22 | 2.01 | 0.12, 8.77 |
| Age-Based Slope (β1i) | ||||
| Intercept (γ10) | −0.47*** | 0.09 | −5.54 | −0.64, −0.31 |
| Confirmed CM Birth to 12 (γ11) | 0.16 | 0.12 | 1.36 | −0.07, 0.39 |
| Average PCRQ (γ12) | −0.09 | 0.21 | −0.42 | −0.50, 0.32 |
| Average PM γ13) | 1.16** | 0.42 | 2.78 | 0.34, 1.97 |
| Average PCRQ*Confirmed CM Birth to 12 γ14) | −0.22 | 0.29 | −0.75 | −0.79, 0.35 |
| Average PM*Confirmed CM Birth to 12 (γ15) | −1.15* | 0.52 | −2.23 | −2.17, −0.14 |
| Person and Time-Varying Covariates | ||||
| Time-Varying PCRQ (γ20) | −2.59*** | 0.32 | −8.07 | −3.21, −1.96 |
| Time-Varying PM (γ30) | −1.69*** | 0.46 | −3.66 | −2.59, −0.79 |
|
| ||||
| Random Effects | ||||
|
| ||||
| Intercept (σu0) | 5.55 [5.03, 6.13] | |||
| Correlation (Intercept, Slope) | −0.58 [−0.68, −0.46] | |||
| Slope (σu1) | 0.85 [0.68, 1.07] | |||
| Level 1 Residual (σe) | 3.81 [3.61, 4.01] | |||
| Model Fit (Log Likelihood; LL) | −7549.96 | |||
Note.
= p < 0.05
= p < 0.01
= p < 0.001. PCRQ = Parent Child Relationship Quality. PM = Parental Monitoring. CM = Child Maltreatment. Total family income and caregiver marital status assessed at Age 12 LONGSCAN Assessment. LONGSCAN Site: Southwest was the reference category. Random effects are reported as standard deviations and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. To compare the relative strength of parent-child relationship quality and parental monitoring in relation to adolescent internalizing behaviors, we re-fitted nested variations of the internalizing model with subsets of the parenting characteristics omitted and examined associated changes in model fit. The associated changes in LL value for parent-child relationship quality with omission of between-person (γ013, γ015, γ12, γ14), within-person (γ20), and all parameters were ΔLL = 77.95, 80.49, and 159.86 respectively. The respective changes in LL value for parental monitoring were ΔLL = 8.65, 6.72, and 14.29.