Table 7.
Overview of reviewed studies (in alphabetical order) on attachment-related differences in emotion regulation measured by responses of nonverbal behavior (n = 9).
| Author/s (Year) | Country | Sample Size |
Population | Gender | Attachment Measures | Measurement of Nonverbal Behavior | Type of Stressor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altmann et al. [137] (2021) | Germany | 95 | Healthy, clinical | Mixed | AAI | FACS, MEA | Questions of AAI |
| Babcock et al. [138] (2000) | USA | 36 | Healthy | Male | AAI | SPAFF | Couple conflict resolution task |
| Buchheim et al. [139] (2007) | Germany | 39 | Healthy, clinical | Female | AAP | EmFACS | Pictures of AAP |
| Buchheim and Benecke [140] (2007) | Germany | 27 | Healthy, clinical | Female | AAI | EmFACS | Questions of AAI |
| Fossataro et al. [141] (2023) | Italy | 26 | Healthy | Mixed | AAI | Facial EMG (eye-blink reflex) |
Pictures of AAP; threat of peripersonal space |
| * Roisman et al. [114] (2004) | USA | 60 | Healthy | Mixed | AAI | FACS | Questions of AAI |
| Spangler and Zimmermann [102] (1999) | Germany | 35 | Healthy | Mixed | AAI | Facial EMG (smile, frown, eye-blink reflex) | Attachment-related film scenes |
| Spinelli et al. [142] (2022) | Italy | 67 | Healthy | Female | AAI | Prosodic analysis with speech software | Questions of AAI |
| Spinelli et al. [143] (2019) | Italy | 77 | Healthy | Female | AAI | Prosodic analysis with speech software | Questions of AAI |
Legend—AAI (Adult Attachment Interview); AAP (Adult Attachment Projective Picture System); EmFACS (Emotion Facial Action Coding System); Facial EMG (facial electromyography); FACS (Facial Action Coding System); MEA (Motion Energy Analysis); SPAFF (Specific Affect Coding System). * This study measured the emotion regulation response in both nonverbal behavior and peripheral physiology (SCL; skin conductance level).