| Steps: Feature Extraction from Input Images Using the VGG16 Model. | |
| Input: | BreakHis 400× training image data |
| Preprocessing: | Resizing the images to 512 × 512 |
| Normalizing pixel values to between 0 and 1 | |
| Output: | Initialize the VGG16 model. |
| Import VGG16 model | |
| Remove the fully connected layers. | |
| Load the VGG16 model for feature extraction by removing the FC layers as they were designed for ImageNet classification tasks. | |
| VGG_model = VGG16 (weights = ’Imagenet’, include_top = False, | |
| input_shape = (512, 512, 3) | |
| 3-is the RGB channel since we are using color images | |
| Pass the input images through the model: | |
| Forward pass the preprocessed images through the VGG16 model to obtain the output feature maps. | |
| Retrieve the output of the last convolutional layer as they capture the high-level abstract features. | |
| Flatten the features. | |
| Flatten(img): Convert the 3-D extracted features to the 1-D feature vector | |
| Store the extracted features with corresponding image labels for classification tasks | |
| Features(img) = Flatten(img) | |