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. 2023 Jun 13;10(6):1056. doi: 10.3390/children10061056

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a–c) Relative errors as over-estimation (+) of the leg movement and under-estimation (−) of the leg movement with respect to the target position of joint position sense error (JPS-error) defined as the difference between the Criterion Angle (CA) and Reproduced Angle (RA), CAM (difference between the CA versus CA maintained for 3 s) and RAM (difference between the RA versus RA maintained for 3 s), presented as median degrees and 25th–75th percentiles in groups of children with Typical Development (TD), Bilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy (CP), Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) and Myelomeningocele (MMC). Left and right values for JPS-error, CAM, and RAM at the tested angles of Knee70 degrees are represented by grey bars, Knee45 degrees by dotted bars, and Knee20 degrees by white bars. * indicate significant differences between the left and right legs.

(a–c) Relative errors as over-estimation (+) of the leg movement and under-estimation (−) of the leg movement with respect to the target position of joint position sense error (JPS-error) defined as the difference between the Criterion Angle (CA) and Reproduced Angle (RA), CAM (difference between the CA versus CA maintained for 3 s) and RAM (difference between the RA versus RA maintained for 3 s), presented as median degrees and 25th–75th percentiles in groups of children with Typical Development (TD), Bilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy (CP), Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) and Myelomeningocele (MMC). Left and right values for JPS-error, CAM, and RAM at the tested angles of Knee70 degrees are represented by grey bars, Knee45 degrees by dotted bars, and Knee20 degrees by white bars. * indicate significant differences between the left and right legs.