AHR	Airway hyperresponsiveness
Akt	Serine-threonine kinase
AP-1	Activator protein-1
ASM	Airway smooth muscle
ATRA	All-trans RA
AZU-1	Azurocidin 1
BALF	Bronchoalveolar Lavavge Fluid
BaP	Benzo[a]pyrene
BCX	β-cryptoxanthin
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CS	Cigarette smoke
CSE	Cigarette smoke extract
Cu	Copper
CuONPs	Copper oxide nanoparticles
CuZnSOD	Zinc-superoxide dismutase
CXCL	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
EBC	Exhaled breathe condensate
ECP	Eosinophilic cationic protein
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
ETS	Environmental tobacco smoke
Fe	Iron
FeNO	Fractional exhaled nitric oxide
FEV1	Forced expiratory volume in 1 s
FRAP	Ferric reducing ability of plasma
FVC	Forced vital capacity
GPx	Glutathione peroxidase
GSH	Reduced glutathione
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
HBECs	Human bronchial epithelial cells
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HGFR	Hepatocyte growth factor receptor
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
HMGB1	Mobility group box 1 protein
HO-1	Heme-oxygenase-1
hs-CRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
ICS	Inhalation corticosteroid
IgE	Immunoglobulin E
IL	Interleukin
ILC	Innate lymphoid cell
IL-18R1	Interleukin 18 receptor 1
IL-1RL1	Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1
8-iso-PGF2α	Isoprostane-8-iso prostaglandin F2α
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LABA	Long-acting β2 adrenergic
LC	Lung cancer
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
LP	Lipid peroxidation
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAPKs	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MMP	Matrix metallopeptidases
MPO	Myeloperoxidase
α7nAChR	α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
NF-κB	Nuclear transcription factor-kappaB
NLRP	NLR Family CARD Domain Containing
NNK	Nitrosamine 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3–pyridyl)-1-butanone
NO2−	Nitrite
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
Notch1	Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1
NOX2	NADPH oxidase 2
Nrf2	Nuclear factor-E2 related factor 2
OS	Oxidative stress
OVA	Ovalbumin
OXSR1	Oxidative stress responsive kinase 1
P53	Protein 53
PARP-1	Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1
PDGF	Platelet-derived growth factor
PEFR	Peak expiratory flow rate
PGF2	Prostaglandin F2
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
PPBP	Pro-platelet basic protein
QoL	Quality of life
RA	Retinoic acid
RARs	Retinoic acid receptors
RDBPC	Randomized double blind placebo control
RXRs	Retinoid X receptors
RCTs	Randomised controlled trials
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
Se	Selenium
SHS	Secondhand smoke
SIRT1	Sirtuin1
SLC-39	Solute carrier family 39
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
TBARS	Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
TGF-β1	Transforming growth factor beta 1
Th	T-helper
TLR	Toll-like receptors
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor α
TNFRSF11A	TNF receptor superfamily member 11a
VA	Vitamin A
VC	Vitamin C
VD	Vitamin D
VE	Vitamin E
Zn	Zinc