Table 1.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies using version 2 of the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias (RoB 2) Tool for Randomized Trials.
| Category/ Study |
Risk of Bias from Randomization Process | Effect of Assignment to Intervention |
Effect of Adhering to Intervention |
Risk of Bias due to Missing Outcome Data |
Risk of Bias in Measurement of the Outcome | Risk of Bias in Selection of the Reported Result |
Overall Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rutkowska et al., 2019 [28] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Rutkowska et al., 2021 [29] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Cheung et al., 2021 [30] | L | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Dhillon et al., 2017 [31] | L | L | L | L | M | L | M |
| Egegaard et al., 2019 [32] | L | M | L | L | M | L | M |
| Hwang et al., 2012 [33] | L | M | L | L | M | L | M |
| Kirca et al., 2021 [34] | L | L | L | L | M | L | M |
| Quist et al., 2020 [35] | L | L | M | M | L | L | M |
| Zhang et al., 2016 [36] | L | L | L | L | M | L | M |
| Molassiotis et al., 2015 [37] | L | L | L | L | M | L | M |
| Bade et al., 2021 [38] | L | L | M | L | M | L | M |
| Henke et al., 2014 [39] | M | M | L | L | M | L | H |
Bias was assessed as low risk (L), moderate risk (M), or high risk (H).