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. 2023 Jun 14;12(12):1625. doi: 10.3390/cells12121625

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Wound healing mechanisms. The repair mechanism is carried out through hemostasis (an inflammatory phase) re-epithelialization or proliferation, and tissue remodeling. After this, the regeneration process is responsible for the formation of new cells without leaving an appreciable scar. Both repair and regeneration include the action of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. FGF: fibroblast growth factor; IL-1: interleukin-1; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 2 June 2023).