Table 1.

Summary of described methylation modifications.

Source	Modification	Modifying Agent	Proposed Downstream Mechanism	Resulting Cellular Changes
[15]	Hypermethylation	PTB1	Increase DNMT expression	Increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion
[16]	SPRY2 methylation		MAPK/ERK pathway activation	Increased cell proliferation
[17]	ANK1 methylation		Decreased miR-486-5p	increased cell morphology
[18]	miR-149 promoter methylation		NOTCH1-mediated Sonic Hedgehog pathway activation	Increased cell growth and metastasis
[19]	miR-195 promoter methylation		Increased FASN expression	Increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion
[20]	SOCS3 methylation	THAP9-AS1	JAK2/STAT3 activation	Decreased ROS levels, increased cell proliferation, and metastasis
[21]	CDKN2A methylation	HOTAIR	DNMT1 expression via miR-126 suppression	Decreased cell apoptosis
[22]	CDK4 methylation	lncRNA 91	Cell cycle disruption	Decreased apoptosis, increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion
[23]	CXCL12 methylation	DNMT1	Decreased CD8+T cell response	Tumor immune response and increased cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis
[24]	NNAT methylation		Bone and Ca2+ homeostasis	Thapsigargin sensitivity, increased colony-forming potential, and cell migration
[25]	E-Cadherin methylation	SENP3	Accelerated epithelial-mesenchymal transition	Decreased apoptosis, increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion
[26]	APCDD1 methylation	DNMT3a	Wnt/B-Catenin singling pathway	Increased invasion and metastasis
[28,30]	Increased m6a levels	METTL3	ATAD2 and DRG1 upregulation	Decreased apoptosis, increased cell migration, and invasion