Table 2.
Patients’ characteristics at diagnosis included in studies with a comparator.
| Corso 1998 [8] | Ludwig 2008 [9] | Lu 2016 [18] | Jurczyszyn 2016 [19] | Dhakal 2017 [20] | Nakaya 2020 [21] | Pydi 2021 [22] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 356 | 10,549 | 940 | 1089 | 191 | 2303 | 280 | |||||||
| Country | Italy | North America, Europe, Japan | China | Europe, USA | USA | Japan | India | |||||||
| Years of diagnosis | 1973–1994 | 1981–2002 | 2008–2011 | 2000–2015 | 2000 to 2015 | 1998–2018 | 2013–2018 | |||||||
| Age studied (years) | <50 | ≥50 | <50 | ≥50 | <50 | ≥50 | 21–40 | 41–60 | ≤50 | >70 | <40 | All | ≤40 | All patients |
| n (by age group) | 61 | 295 | 1689 | 8860 | 194 | 746 | 173 | 916 | 86 | 105 | 26 | 2277 | 22 | 258 |
| Median age (range) | 45 (33–49) | 63 (50–87) | 36 (20–49) | 62 (50–93) | 46 (20–49) | 62 (50–88) | 37 (21–40) | 55 (41–60) | 46 (32–50) | 73 (71–79) | 36 (20–39) | 74 (20–96) | 33.5 (18–40) | 56 (18–84) |
| Male/female | 32/29 | 169/126 | 1023/666 | 5014/3846 | 113/81 | 457/289 | 104/69 | 510/406 | 70/16 | 58/47 | 13/13 | 1116/1161 | 14:8 | NA |
| ISS | ||||||||||||||
| I | NA | NA | 492/1267 (39) | 1790/6776 (26) p < 0.001 | (30) | (17) p < 0.001 |
71/151 (47) | 303/729 (42) p = 0.40 |
15/86 (17) d | 29/105 (27) p = 0.31 d |
(43) | (23) p = 0.019 |
(18) | (17) |
| II | NA | NA | 438/1267 (35) | 2675/6776 (39) p < 0.001 |
(31) | (32) p = 0.774 |
50/151 (33) | 280/729 (38) | 22/86 (26) d | 22/105 (21) d | (38) | (40) p = 0.910 |
(32) | (33) |
| III | NA | NA | 337/1267 (27) | 2311/6776 (34) p < 0.001 |
(39) | (51) p 0.007 |
30/151 (20) | 149/729 (20) | 20/86 (23) d | 28/105 (27) d | (19) | (37) p = 0.022 |
(50) | (50) |
| Disease features at diagnosis | ||||||||||||||
| Anemia (<100 g/L) | NA | NA | 596/1614 (37) | 3465/8539 (41) p = 0.006 |
(56) | (61) p = 0.265 |
53/173 (31) | 247/925 (27) p = 0.29 |
NA | NA | 6/26 (23) | NA | (68) | (63) |
| Kidney disease a | 5/61 (8) | 41/295 (14) | 240/1594 (15) | 1484/8573 (17) p = 0.028 |
(21) | (25) p = 0.300 |
40/160 (25) | 265/855 (31) p = 0.13 |
NA | NA | 11/26 (42) | NA | (50) | (36) |
| Low albumin a | NA | NA | 458/1396 (33) | 3276/7912 (41) p < 0.001 |
(37) | (58) p < 0.001 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hypercalcemia a | 4/61 (6) | 17/295 (6) | 481/1445 (33) | 2652/7870 (34) p = 0.762 |
NA | NA | 26/160 (16) | 86/668 (13) p = 0.26 |
NA | NA | 1/26 (4) | NA | (9) | (26) |
| Lytic bone lesions | 26/61 (43) b | 100/295 (34) b | 617/1292 (48) c | 3457/7423 (47) c p = 0.431 |
82/109 (75) c | 334/403 (83) p = 0.569 c |
139/170 (82) | 644/868 (74) p = 0.04 |
NA | NA | 18/26 (69) | NA | (59) | (76) |
| Elevated ß2MG a | NA | NA | 613/1377 (45) | 4141/7061 (59) p < 0.001 |
(46) | (62) p < 0.001 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Protein isotype | ||||||||||||||
| Heavy chain | ||||||||||||||
| IgG | 40/61 (65) | 197/295 (67) | 924/1538 (60) | 4853/8091 (60) p = 0.943 |
75/194 (39) | 341/746 (46) p = 0.078 |
107/156 (69) | 375/632 (59) p = 0.10 |
34/86 (40) | 56/105 (53) p = 0.06 |
(45) | (58) p = 0.237 |
(50) | (55) |
| IgA | 11/61 (18) | 59/295 (20) | 318/1538 (21) | 2009/8091 (25) p < 0.001 |
28/194 (14) | 141/746 (19) p = 0.149 |
26/156 (17) | 127/632 (20) | 9/86 (10) | 21/105 (20) | (11) | (22) p = 0.080 |
(5) | (12) |
| IgD | 1/61 (1) | 3/295 (1) | 43/1538 (3) | 251/8091 (3) p = 0.522 |
20/194 (10) | 41/746 (5.5) p = 0.015 |
1/156 (0.6) | 16/632 (3) | NA | NA | (4) | (1) p = 0.375 |
NA | NA |
| IgM | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Light chain only | 8/61 (12) | 26/295 (8) | 197/1538 (13) | 824/8091 (10) p = 0.002 |
64/194 (33) | 195/746 (26) p = 0.057 |
NA | NA | 26/86 (30) | 19/105 (18) | (33) | (16) p = 0.021 |
(41) | (33) |
a Variable cut-offs; b Extensive lytic lesions; c more than 3 bone lesions; d numbers not adding to 100% due to missing data; Abbreviations: ß2MG: Beta-2 microglobulin; ISS: International Staging System; NA: not available. Numbers in parentheses represent percentages.