Table 3.
Regulations of lncRNA in cardiovascular disorders and their clinical significance.
| Type of Disease | lncRNA | Regulations | Importance | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Myocardial infraction (MI) | aHIF | Regulations of the angiogenesis process and a biomarker | Inhibits the autophagy of cardiac cells during MI | [102] |
| 2 | MI | ANRIL | Regulates myocardial cell apoptosis in AMI | Protection of cardiomyocytes | [103] |
| 3 | MI | APF | APF lncRNA regulates autophagy | Acting as a sponge for miRNA- 188-3p. |
[102] |
| 4 | MI | CARL | Regulates mitochondrial fission and apoptosis | Acting as a sponge for miRNA-539. |
[102] |
| 5 | MI | CDR1AS | Inhibiting the autophagy of cardiac cells during MI | Biomarker. | [102] |
| 6 | MI | FTX | Regulates cardiomyocytes | Act as a sponge for miRNA- 29b-1-5. |
[104] |
| 7 | MI | GAS5 | Regulates the protection of cardiomyocytes against hypoxic injury | Act as a sponge for miRNA-142; improves apoptosis by negatively regulating sema3a. |
[102] |
| 8 | MI | H19 | Regulates autophagy | Induction of cardiac remodeling, autophagy, and biomarker. | [102] |
| 9 | MI | HOTAIR | Regulates cardioprotective | Act as a sponge for miRNA-1 and as a biomarker. |
[105] |
| 10 | MI | KCNQ1OT1 | Down-regulation of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | Biomarker for left ventricular dysfunction. | [106] |
| 11 | MI | LIPCAR | Down-regulated | Biomarker for cardiac remodelling. | [107] |
| 12 | MI | Lnc-Ang362 | Upregulation | Promotion of CF | [108] |
| MI | MALAT1 | Down-regulation | Regulation of cardiomyocytes apoptosis and autophagy through miRNA- 558; and biomarker. |
[109] | |
| 13 | MI | MDRL | Regulates mitochondrial fission | Reduction of mitochondrial fission and apoptosis acting as a sponge for miRNA-361. |
[110] |
| 14 | MI | MEG3 | Regulates cardiomyocytes | Regulation of cardiomyocytes apoptosis. | [111] |
| 15 | MI | MHRT | Regulates cardiomyocytes | Regulation of cardiomyocytes apoptosis and biomarker. | [112] |
| 16 | MI | MIAT | Regulates CF | Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis acting as a sponge for miRNA-150 and -93. |
[102] |
| 17 | MI | Mirt1/2 | Regulates cardiomyocytes | Regulation of cardiac remodelling. | [102] |
| 18 | MI | n379519 | Regulates CF | Promotion of cardiac fibrosis through miRNA-30. | [113] |
| 19 | MI | NONRATT021972 | Regulates cardiomyocytes | Promotion of cardiac function. | [114] |
| 20 | MI | NRF | Regulates cardiomyocyte necrosis. | Regulation of cardiomyocyte necrosis. | [115] |
| 21 | MI | NRON | Up-regulated | Wisper in cardiac fibroblast; Biomarker | [102] |
| 22 | MI | PCFL | Up-regulated | Promotion of cardiac fibrosis through miRNA-378. | [102] |
| 23 | MI | TTTY15 | Up-regulated | Induction of cardiomyocyte injury by hypoxia targeting miRNA-455. | [102] |
| 24 | MI | UCA1 | Regulates cardiomyocytes | Regulated ischemia and hypoxia of cardiomyocytes; Biomarker. | [115] |
| 25 | MI | UIHTC | Regulates cardiomyocytes against MI | Promotion of mitochondrial function. | [102] |
| 26 | MI | Wisper | Regulates cardiac fibroblast | MI-induced fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction | [116] |
| 27 | MI | ZFAS1 | Regulates cardiomyocyte | Induction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac contractility reduction, and biomarker. |
[117] |
| 28 | Coronary heart disease | aHIF | Up-regulated | Biomarker. | [118] |
| 29 | Coronary heart disease | ANRIL | Down-regulates | Diagnostic and prognostic indicator for CHD | [118] |
| 30 | Coronary heart disease | APOA1-AS | Up-regulations increase the risk of CHD | Biomarker. | [119] |
| 31 | Coronary heart disease | AWPPH | Regulates apoptosis. | Promotion of ECs apoptosis. | [120] |
| 32 | Coronary heart disease | BACE1-AS | dysregulation | dysregulation of the BACE1/BACE1-AS/Aβ axis is associated with HF. | [121] |
| 33 | Coronary heart disease | BANCR | Differentially expressed | Promotion of VSMCs proliferation and migration. | [122] |
| 34 | Coronary heart disease | CHROME | Up-regulated | Regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis | [123] |
| 35 | Coronary heart disease | CoroMarker | Differentially expressed | novel biomarker for the diagnosis | [124] |
| 36 | Coronary heart disease | EGOT | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [125] |
| 37 | Coronary heart disease | H19 | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [126] |
| 38 | Coronary heart disease | HOTTIP | Up-regulates | Promotes ECs proliferation and migration | [127] |
| 39 | Coronary heart disease | HRCR | Regulates hypertrophic Ca2+ signaling pathway | Regulation of cardiomyocytes apoptosis and proliferation. | [128] |
| 40 | Coronary heart disease | LIPCAR | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [107] |
| 41 | Coronary heart disease | lincRNA-p21 | Regulates cardiac remodelling and heart failure | Regulation of cardiomyocytes apoptosis and proliferation. | [129] |
| 42 | Coronary heart disease | LINC00968 | Up-regulated | Promotion of ECs proliferation and migration acting as a sponge for miRNA-9 |
[130] |
| 43 | Coronary heart disease | MALAT1 | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [131] |
| 44 | Coronary heart disease | MIAT | Differentially expressed | Biomarker | [132] |
| 45 | Coronary heart disease | NEXN-AS1 | Differentially expressed | Mitigation of atherosclerosis. | [133] |
| 46 | Coronary heart disease | SMILR | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [134] |
| 47 | Arterial Hypertension | AK098656 | Up-regulated | Regulation of arteries of resistance and a biomarker | [135] |
| 48 | Arterial Hypertension | ANRIL | Regulates endothelial cell activities | Increase of susceptibility to higher systolic blood pressure conferred by polymorphisms. |
[136] |
| 49 | Arterial Hypertension | GAS5 | Regulates ECs and VSMCs function | Regulation of ECs and VSMCs function acting as endogenous RNA competing of miRNA-21; and a biomarker. GAS5 Targets miR-194-3p. miR-194-3 |
[137] |
| 50 | Arterial Hypertension | Giver | Regulates VSMCs dysfunction. | Promotion of VSMCs dysfunction. | [138] |
| 51 | Arterial Hypertension | Lnc-Ang362 | Regulates VSMCs | Regulation of VSMCs proliferation through miRNA-221 and -222. | [139] |
| 52 | Arterial Hypertension | NR_027032 | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [140] |
| 53 | Arterial Hypertension | NR_034083 | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [141] |
| 54 | Arterial Hypertension | NR_104181 | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [140] |
| 55 | Heart failure | ANRIL | Differentially expressed | Biomarker. | [142] |
| 56 | Heart failure | BACE1-AS | Regulates apoptosis. | Promotion of ECs apoptosis. | [143] |
| 57 | Heart failure | Chaer | Dysregulation | Induction of Pathological cardiac remodelling. | [144] |
| 58 | Heart failure | Chast | Down-regulates | Induction of Pathological cardiac remodelling. | [145] |
| 59 | Heart failure | CHRF | Up-regulated | Endogenous sponge to miRNA-489 activity. | [146] |
| 60 | Heart failure | HEAT2 | Up-regulated | Biomarker. | [147] |
| 61 | Heart failure | HOTAIR | Up-regulated | LncRNA HOTAIR may function as a miR-19-sponge to modulate PTEN levels Biomarker. | [148] |
| 62 | Heart failure | LIPCAR | Up-regulated | Biomarker. | [149] |
| 63 | Heart failure | lincRNA-ROR | Regulates CH | Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy acting as a sponge for miRNA-133. | [150] |
| 64 | Heart failure | LOC285194 | Up-regulated | overexpression suppressed MKN45 and HGC-27 cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis; Biomarker. | [148] |
| 65 | Heart failure | MEG3 | Regulates CF | Regulation of cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction | [151] |
| 66 | Heart failure | MHRT | Regulates of chromatin re-modellers | Regulation of chromatin remodels and biomarker. | [152] |
| 67 | Heart failure | MIAT | Regulates CH | Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy acting as a sponge for miRNA-150. | [153] |
| 68 | Heart failure | NRON | Upregulated | Biomarker. | [154] |
| 69 | Heart failure | RNY5 | Dysregulation | Biomarker. | [155] |
| 70 | Heart failure | SOX2-OT | Dysregulation | Biomarker. | [156] |
| 71 | Heart failure | SRA1 | Dysregulation | Biomarker. | [157] |